Correlation of local and global structural damage state for SHM
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Abstract:
In long-term structural health monitoring (SHM), one of the main challenges is to correlate an observed variation of vibration period with a damage level for a structure. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology to quantify the seismic damage in a building through SHM data. For this purpose, an existing reinforced concrete building has been selected as a case-study and non-linear dynamics analyses have been carried out to estimate local and global damage levels. Ranges of variation of the vibration period of the building are derived for each damage level, and are compared with those previously assessed by the authors for single columns.Keywords:
Structural Health Monitoring
Variation (astronomy)
Firstly,according to variation contents,the paper divides variation into operating range variation,construction condition variation,design variation,construction variation and technique standards variation. Contraposing to different content variation,the paper puts forward dissimilar control methods. According to the property of project variation,the paper divides variation into fatal variation,important variation and general variation,and points out that we can control variation effectively by establishing dissimilar authority of project variation examination and approval. Finally,according to the urgency of variation,the paper divides variation into variation under urgent circumstance and variation under not urgent circumstance,and puts forward that we can control these variation by different procedure.
Variation (astronomy)
Process Variation
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Differences within a biological system are ubiquitous, creating variation in nature. Variation underlies all evolutionary processes and allows persistence and resilience in changing environments; thus, uncovering the drivers of variation is critical. The growing recognition that variation is central to biology presents a timely opportunity for determining unifying principles that drive variation across biological levels of organization. Currently, most studies that consider variation are focused at a single biological level and not integrated into a broader perspective. Here we explain what variation is and how it can be measured. We then discuss the importance of variation in natural systems, and briefly describe the biological research that has focused on variation. We outline some of the barriers and solutions to studying variation and its drivers in biological systems. Finally, we detail the challenges and opportunities that may arise when studying the drivers of variation due to the multi-level nature of biological systems. Examining the drivers of variation will lead to a reintegration of biology. It will further forge interdisciplinary collaborations and open opportunities for training diverse quantitative biologists. We anticipate that these insights will inspire new questions and new analytic tools to study the fundamental questions of what drives variation in biological systems and how variation has shaped life.
Variation (astronomy)
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AbstractThe names of 1024 American automobiles are analyzed according to register variation, diachronic variation and manufacturer variation. Variation through such linguistic means as structural complexity, metonymy and iconicity is shown to not only reflect social realities of automobile producers and consumers but to actively contribute to constructing these realities as well.
Variation (astronomy)
Iconicity
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Variation is an important issue of sociolinguistics.According to the variation view of sociolinguistics,grammatical items change under the influence of social factors.Compared with the research on phonetic variation,the research on grammatical variation is weaker.This article presents a review of the literature both at home and abroad on grammatical or syntactic variation.Some propositions for Chinese researchers on grammatical or syntactic variation are put forward at the end of the paper.
Variation (astronomy)
Sociolinguistics
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Variation occurs when a language has two or more ways of achieving the same communicative goal. Cases of variation have been approached in very different ways by two different groups of linguists. Variationists assume that variation is natural and common. On this view, change is due to naturally occurring variation interacting with language-external forces. Functionalists assume that variation is anomalous. On this view, change may reflect a language-internal drive to eradicate variation. In this paper, it is argued that these conflicting views can be reconciled by considering how variation functions in the broader context of the grammar. Drawing on a case study into the prepositional complements following emotion adjectives, it is proposed that variation (as Variationists maintain) is natural and that languages have no intrinsic tendency to reduce variability. Nevertheless, the synchronic availability and historical development of specific variants is (as Functionalists maintain) also internally motivated, typically by analogical relations.
Variation (astronomy)
Language Change
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Empirical and experimental work has yielded burgeoning evidence of intra-individual variation drawing on a variety of analytical frameworks and methodological approaches. A systematic review of intra-individual variation is thus timely both to provide guidance for researchers wishing to interpret and understand intra-individual variation and to provide some theoretical and methodological resources to evaluate the rapidly growing body of literature on intra-individual variation. The present chapter thus untangles intra-individual variation both terminologically and conceptually. We survey the scholarly discussion and evaluation of intra-individual variation in the interdisciplinary discourse of theoretical linguistic frameworks and empirical studies. By sketching previous research, we systematise various types of intra-individual and derive the proposal for a model of intra-individual variation followed by some remarks about the application of intra-individual variation.
Variation (astronomy)
Empirical Research
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Cross-talks and sketches are two important forms of language art in our country. They are popular with a wide range of audiences around the country due to their humorous language. Language variation is a very important means of creating humor effect. In cross-talks and sketches,various forms of language variation, including phonetic variation, lexical variation,grammar variation, semantic variation,stylistic variation and pragmatic variation,are applied to realize humor effect.
Variation (astronomy)
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Variation (astronomy)
Language Change
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The idioms become a language form that people love to see and hear for the fixed structure and the fusion meaning.The idioms' use includes the conventional use and the variation use.This paper primarily treats the idioms' variation use based on the studies of predecessors,and we mainly distinguish between the idioms' form variation and the idioms' meaning variation.It mainly analyses the three basic types and the rhetorical characteristics of the idioms' variation use.
Variation (astronomy)
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This article explores two variables that largely have been ignored in studies of language variation and language change: frequency and individual speaker. In doing so, it demonstrates the usefulness of the A-curve, an asymptotic hyperbolic graphic representation of language variation based on usage. Data are drawn from varieties of English: two Afro-Caribbean vernaculars (Antiguan and Negerhollands) and East Sutherland Gaelic. Because both Negerhollands and East Sutherland Gaelic were moribund when the data discussed here were collected and both are characterized by personally patterned variation, the histories of these varieties are briefly considered. The article concludes that both frequency and individual speaker are essential for a full understanding of the ways in which language users deploy their linguistic resources and, thus, are critical for our understanding of human language.
Variation (astronomy)
Language Change
Representation
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