Primary HPV-Associated Enteric-Type Adenocarcinoma of Vagina: A Case Report
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Primary enteric type adenocarcinomas of the vagina are extremely rare. We present a 63-year-old woman who had a polypoid mass localized to the distal vagina. The lesion was composed of a columnar glandular cell proliferation with focal cribriforming, reminiscent of tubular adenoma. Immunohistochemical stains were notable for expression of enteric markers (CDX2 and KRT20), as well as negativity for Mullerian markers (PAX8, ER, and PR), diffuse expression for p16, and positivity for high-risk HPV mRNA expression. Ultimately, a diagnosis of vaginal primary HPV-associated enteric type adenocarcinoma was rendered for this unusual lesion. To our knowledge, no prior cases of HPV-associated enteric type adenocarcinomas of the vagina have been described before.Keywords:
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Summary Two patients who had congenital absence of the vagina and subsequently developed enterocoele are described. Women with congenital absence of the vagina may occasionally develop an enterocoele that presents at the vulva. The enterocoele may follow the McIndoe‐Read inlay grafting operation (Thompson, 1970) or it may develop after vulva‐vaginoplasty (Williams, 1964). It may also occur in women whose vagina has been developed by coitus alone. This article records the details of two patients with congenital absence of the vagina who developed an enterocoele.
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The occurrence of the PAX8-PPARγ fusion gene is thought to be restricted to follicular tumors (adenomas and carcinomas) of the thyroid (FTA and FTC). Using interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), together with recombinant tissue-type polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, we detected the PAX8-PPARγ translocation in 4 of 8 cases of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) exclusively or almost exclusively (>95%) composed of follicles. The 4 tumors with the translocation were larger and apparently more invasive than the remaining tumors, but the series is too small to allow a statistically meaningful comparison of the data. Our findings show that follicular thyroid carcinoma (PTC) may also harbor the PAX8-PPARγ fusion gene and indicate that a subset of FVPTC shares some molecular features of FTA and FTC.
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A unique malformation of the vagina with a tiny fistula between an upper and a lower segment of the vagina is presented with a brief summary of the theories concerning the development of the vagina.
Vaginal disease
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Although the vagina is a rare topic in the social science literature, numerous socio-cultural representations of the vagina can be found throughout Western societies. Such representations offer a range of cultural resources for making sense of the vagina and its functions, and have implications for women's health and well-being. In this paper, we identify and overview seven persistent negative representations of the vagina: the vagina as inferior to the penis; the vagina as absence; the vagina as (passive) receptacle for the penis; the vagina as sexually inadequate; the vagina as disgusting; the vagina as vulnerable and abused; and the vagina as dangerous. In the last sections, we argue that in order to promote women's sexual and reproductive health, it is necessary to challenge such negative representations, and we offer some alternative - and much more positive - representations of the vagina.
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1. Revealing the Vagina: Introduction 2. Revealing the Vagina: Antecedents 3.Revealing the Vagina in Literature 4. Revealing the Vagina in Visual Art (1): Judy Chicago 5. Revealing the Vagina in Visual Art (2): Birth's Wide Berth 6. Revealing the Vagina on Film and TV 7. Revealing the Vagina in Performance Art 8. Revealing the Vagina: Conclusion Revealing the Vagina: Bibliography Index
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Cancer is the second most common culprit of mortality in the United States and epithelial carcinomas are considered as one of the most predominant types of cancer. The association between epithelial cancers and paired-box gene 8 (PAX8) has been studied significantly before. PAX8 belongs to the paired-box gene family, which plays an important role in the organogenesis of different body organ systems, especially the thyroid gland, the renal system, and the Müllerian system. Immunohistochemical staining is being used to detect PAX8 expression in different epithelial cancers and differentiate them from PAX8-negative tumors. In follicular, papillary, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, targeting the PAX8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) fusion protein is being considered as a potential mechanism for therapy. Moreover, because of its high expression in primary ovarian cancers, PAX8 is being considered as a target for ovarian cancer treatment as well. More studies are needed to test the possibility of using PAX8 as a possible target for managing endometrial carcinomas. In this article, we review the functions of the PAX8 gene, how its mutations lead to the development of certain epithelial carcinomas, how it can be used as a diagnostic or a prognostic marker, and its potential as a therapeutic target for these cancers.
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The transcription factor Pax8 is expressed during thyroid development and is involved in the morphogenesis of the thyroid gland and maintenance of the differentiated phenotype. To date, Pax8 has been shown to regulate all the genes that are considered markers of thyroid differentiation. To identify novel Pax8 target genes we performed a genome-wide expression analysis following Pax8 siRNA. The silencing of Pax8 expression in rat thyroid differentiated FRTL-5 cells and the subsequent analysis of the gene expression profile by microarray identified Wnt4 among the down-regulated genes. As the other members of the Wnt family, Wnt4 has been implicated in several developmental processes including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. Up to now, the only data on Wnt4 in thyroid concern its down-regulation as necessary for the progression of thyroid epithelial tumors. Currently, we believe that it could be involved in thyroid morphogenesis, development and in the maintenance of the epithelial phenotype.
We focused our attention on the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which Pax8 could regulate Wnt4 expression in thyroid cells. Analysis of the 5’-flanking region of the Wnt4 gene identified a putative Pax8 binding site confirmed by EMSA and ChIP analysis. Moreover, transfection of FRTL-5 cells with different regions corresponding to progressive deletions of the 5’-UTR of Wnt4 showed that all the generated constructs possess a thyroid-specific activity due to the presence of the transcription factor Pax8 and other transcription factors recently demonstrated to be its interactors. The results obtained during this study show that Pax8 is indeed involved in the transcriptional modulation of the Wnt4 promoter. Interestingly, we also revealed that the expression of Wnt4 is TSH dependent in FRTL-5 cells.
Taken together, our data indicate that in thyroid cells the transcription factor Pax8 participates to Wnt4 gene expression directly binding to its 5’-flanking region suggesting that Wnt4 is a new target of this master regulatory gene. We propose that in thyroid cells the expression of Wnt4 correlates with the integrity of the epithelial phenotype and is reduced when this integrity is perturbed. Moreover, we would like to suggest that the over-expression of Wnt4 in thyroid cancer cellular models is able to revert the mesenchymal phenotype.
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Objective To study the changes of vaginal lactobacilli in often washing vagina women for preventing and curing vaginitis.Methods Adopt vaginal fluid smear,Gram's stain examination the half value of vaginal lactobacilli in 483 cases(observation group)who often washing vagina and in 557 cases(control group)who does not often washing vagina.Results In observation group,the detectable rate of vaginal lactobacilli is 14.11% who wash vagina once,average 3 days,the detectable rate of vaginal lactobacilli is 25% who wash vagina once average 3 to 10 days,the detectable rate of vaginal lactobacilli is 84.92% in control group.Compared two groups,it has the distinctive difference(P=0.0006).In observation group the detectable value of vaginal lactobacilli is 16.56% who wash vagina once average 3 days,the detectable value of vaginal lactobacilli is 53.13% who wash vagina once average 3 to 10 days,the detectabl value of vaginal lactobacilli is 192.28% in control group.Compared two groups,it has the distinctive difference(P=0.0004).Conclusion Vaginal lactobacilli obviously decrease in often washing vagina women to prevent and cure vaginitis and it can not keep normal vaginal microorganism environment.
Intravaginal administration
Vaginal disease
Vaginal discharge
Gram staining
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Although the vagina is a rare topic in the social science literature, numerous socio-cultural representations of the vagina can be found throughout Western societies. Such representations offer a range of cultural resources for making sense of the vagina and its functions, and have implications for women's health and well-being. In this paper, we identify and overview seven persistent negative representations of the vagina: the vagina as inferior to the penis; the vagina as absence; the vagina as (passive) receptacle for the penis; the vagina as sexually inadequate; the vagina as disgusting; the vagina as vulnerable and abused; and the vagina as dangerous. In the last sections, we argue that in order to promote women's sexual and reproductive health, it is necessary to challenge such negative representations, and we offer some alternative - and much more positive - representations of the vagina.
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