Interactive Effects of Rising Temperature, Elevated CO2 and Herbivory on the Growth and Stoichiometry of a Submerged Macrophyte Vallisneria natans
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Global climate changes are affecting organisms and their interactions in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, such as the increase in temperature and CO2 concentration. Herbivory interaction is a very important part of nutrient cycle and energy flow in freshwater ecosystem, and climate changes may directly or indirectly affect aquatic plants, aquatic herbivores and their interactions. In this study, we explored the effects of the rising temperature, elevated CO2 concentrations and herbivory by an herbivorous snail (Radix auricularia L.) on a submerged plant (Vallisneria natans L.). Our results showed that herbivory, temperature, and CO2 had specific effects on snail and plant growth, statistically there was only one interaction-a reduction in leaf number. Under different experimental conditions, snail herbivory always has negative effects on biomass accumulation and growth of V. natans. Moreover, the increases in temperature also inhibited its growth. Snail herbivory reduced the content of total carbon and total nitrogen of V. natans in all treatments, while the total phenols content increased. Our findings indicate that the rising temperature, elevated CO2 concentrations and herbivory have interactive effects on the growth and stoichiometry of submerged macrophytes, but further research is needed between aquatic plants and aquatic herbivores to aid prediction the impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems.Keywords:
Ecological stoichiometry
Terrestrial ecosystem
Terrestrial plant
滆湖位于江苏南部,面积为164km2,是一个典型的草型湖泊,其中80X以上的面积为黄丝草(Pataraogeton maackianus)所覆盖。针对该湖水生植被中草食性鱼类喜食性水草资源逐渐衰竭,非喜食性水草群落逐渐扩张的状况,1988-1990年,进行了湖泊水草群落的定向改良试验和抑制相关水草发生和蔓延的试验。结果表明,采用生物防治,以鱼除草,无论是网拦放牧式除草技术,还是网围养殖式除草技术,对各种沉水植物都可彻底清除,而且直接将水草转化为鱼产品,并且有利于湖泊水域生态环境的改善。;Gehu Lake, situated in Jiangsu Province, is a shallow one with an area of 164 km2.It is rich in submerged pliints, of which about 80% is covered by polamogeton maackianus, In order to improve aquatic macrophyte communities, it is necessary to control and even weed out the growing and spreading relative water plant.This work was carried out in 1988-1990.According, to the results of weeding,by herbicide and by herbivrous fishes, it is concluded that biological control of aquatic macrophytes in pen fishculture and in pen fishgrazing has played an obvious significance in improving the aquatic macrophyte communities in the weedy lake.
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The phenolic content of leaves of 40 aquatic and semi‐aquatic plant species, collected from stands distributed over the Netherlands was investigated. Species with submerged leaves showed a significantly lower phenolic content than species with emergent or floating leaves; the latter two showing no significant differences. Possible explanations for the observed differences are discussed in relation to defence strategies.
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Phosphorus (P) is a limiting element in many aquatic ecosystems. Excessive P input often leads to cyanobacterial bloom, thus triggering ecological imbalances and a series of environmental problems. Submerged macrophytes have a strong ability to absorb P and play important roles in maintaining aquatic ecosystem functions. However, the degree to which submerged macrophytes maintain their tissue P contents in various nutrient levels and the corresponding influencing factors are still not very clear. In this study, the stoichiometric characteristics and stoichiometric homeostasis of P in the aboveground and belowground parts of three submerged macrophytes, Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, and Ceratophyllum demersum (L.), with great differences in growth forms, were studied under different growth times and nutrient levels via laboratory experiments. The results showed that the water conductivity, turbidity, and chlorophyll content increased significantly with the increasing nutrient levels. The variation of species, organ, growth time, and nutrient level could significantly affect the P contents of submerged macrophytes. Among these factors, the variance contribution rates caused by the differences of nutrient levels in water column were the highest at more than 50%. The P stoichiometric homeostasis index (HP) in the belowground parts of the three submerged macrophytes was higher than that of the aboveground parts. The HP decreased by the growth time; the HP of V. natans was significantly higher than those of H. verticillata and C. demersum. In summary, the P stoichiometric homeostasis in submerged macrophytes could reflect their responses to environmental changes, and the P content of submerged macrophytes was an indicator of the bioavailability of external P. H. verticillata exhibited a high growth rate and a high accumulation of P content, making it the most suitable species in this study for removing large amounts of P from water in a short term.
Ceratophyllum demersum
Hydrilla
Ecological stoichiometry
Nutrient cycle
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Biogeochemical Cycle
Ecological stoichiometry
Terrestrial ecosystem
Terrestrial plant
Nitrogen Cycle
Global Change
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In order to explore community characteristics and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in Henan section of Huaihe River Basin and the causes,field survey and in-laboratory analysis were carried out of composition of aquatic macrophytes,and characteristics of the water and the soil environment and their relationship in the basin. Results show that a total of 51 species of aquatic macrophytes were detected,including 28 species of emergent plants,12 species of submerged plants and 10 species of floating-leaved plants,1 species of floating plant,which accounts for 54. 9%,23. 5%,19. 6%and 2. 0% of the total,respectively. They formed 14 types of communities,of which 5 were dominated with submerged plants,6 with emergent plants and 3 with floating leaf plants. The communities varied sharply in environment,especially factors,like NH4+-N,NO3--N,TN,TP and PO43-in the water. CCA reveals that water environment factors,such as TP,PO43-,NH4+-N and DO concentrations,were the key factors determining distribution of the aquatic macrophytes in the Huaihe River Basin.
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Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two common mineral elements constraining plant growth. Nutrients in aquatic macrophytes are mainly absorbed from water and sediments, and thus elemental composition in plant tissues can reflect the nutritional status in freshwater ecosystems. Kaidu River is an important river flowing through the alpine meadows, deserts, and desert oases in Xinjiang. Herein, samples of aquatic macrophytes, water, and sediments across the Kaidu River were collected. Foliar stoichiometric characteristics of N and P in plants were examined among life forms and phylogeny. The differences and correlations among the stoichiometric characteristics of plants, water bodies, and sediments in the upstream and downstream and across different land use types were elaborated. Results showed that the means of leaf N and P concentrations and N/P mass ratio were 24.9 mg·g-1, 2.49 mg·g-1, and 12.6, respectively. There were significant differences in the leaf N and P stoichiometry among various life forms. Specifically, leaf N and P concentrations in submerged species were significantly higher than that in floating-leaved species and emergent species. The N/P of floating-leaved species was 19.2 and significantly higher than that in other two life-forms, indicating that their growth might be limited by P. Leaf N and P concentrations were higher in the upstream than in the downstream. Nitrogen contents in water and sediment were the higher in the upstream of the river. Compared with the river reaches in farming areas, the higher N and P concentrations of aquatic macrophytes in the grassland regions might be related to the higher contents of organic matter in grassland soils and of animal slurries from flocks and herds, suggesting that grazing exerted larger impact on the stoichiometric characteristics of the Kaidu River ecosystem. Our findings highlighted that overgrazing might accelerate the deterioration of water quality in the upstream of the Kaidu River, disturb the balance of N and P in the aquatic ecosystem, and potentially influence the biogeochemical cycling.
Ecological stoichiometry
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Ecological stoichiometry
Biogeochemical Cycle
Terrestrial plant
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Abstract Plant and soil C:N:P ratios are of critical importance to productivity, food-web dynamics, and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Plant diversity continues to decline globally; however, its influence on terrestrial C:N:P ratios remains uncertain. By conducting a global meta-analysis of 2049 paired observations in plant species mixtures and monocultures from 169 sites, we show that, on average across all observations, the C:N:P ratios of plants, soils, soil microbial biomass and enzymes did not respond to species mixture nor to the species richness in mixtures. However, the mixture effect on soil microbial biomass C:N changed from positive to negative, and those on soil enzyme C:N and C:P shifted from negative to positive with increasing functional diversity in mixtures. Importantly, species mixture increased the C:N, C:P, N:P ratios of plants and soils when background soil C:N, C:P, and N:P were low, but decreased them when the respective background ratios were high. Our results demonstrate that plant mixtures can balance terrestrial plant and soil C:N:P ratios dependent on background soil C:N:P. Our findings highlight that plant diversity conservation does not only increase plant productivity, but also optimizes ecosystem stoichiometry for the diversity and productivity of today’s and future vegetation.
Terrestrial ecosystem
Terrestrial plant
Monoculture
Ecological stoichiometry
Cycling
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Better understanding of the responses of terrestrial plant species under global nitrogen (N) enrichment is critical for projection of changes in structure, functioning, and service of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, a meta-analysis of data from 304 studies was carried out to reveal the general response patterns of terrestrial plant species to the addition of N. Across 456 terrestrial plant species included in the analysis, biomass and N concentration were increased by 53.6 and 28.5%, respectively, under N enrichment. However, the N responses were dependent upon plant functional types, with significantly greater biomass increases in herbaceous than in woody species. Stimulation of plant biomass by the addition of N was enhanced when other resources were improved. In addition, the N responses of terrestrial plants decreased with increasing latitude and increased with annual precipitation. Dependence of the N responses of terrestrial plants on biological realms, functional types, tissues, other resources, and climatic factors revealed in this study can help to explain changes in species composition, diversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning under global N enrichment. These findings are critical in improving model simulation and projection of terrestrial carbon sequestration and its feedbacks to global climate change, especially when progressive N limitation is taken into consideration.
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The constructed submerged plant bed(CSPB),with aquatic macrophytes being vegetated on a constructed submerged bed and artificial filling,is a biologic-ecological technique of water body restoration at virgin position for polluted water body,and its core is still aquatic macrophytes.The purification of aquatic macrophytes of CSPB for polluted water is a complicated physical,chemical and biologic process,the mechanism contains: 1.absorption of nutrient elements and enrichment of heavy metal;2.removal of SS and macromolecule organic matter by physical adsorb adsorption;3.enhance of Do in water by releasing oxygen;4.controlling the growth of algal and bacteria by means of biochemical effect;5.providing carrier and O2 for microorganism and forming plant-microbiology cooperating purification.Nevertheless,because aquatic macrophytes be vegetated directly under water in previous studies,the utilization of aquatic macrophytes,especially of submerged aquatic vegetation,is restricted by diaphaneity and depth of water,it becomes a important limit for aquatic macrophytes to be applied for restoring grievously polluted water with low diaphaneity and large depth.Contrarily,the CSPB technology can artificially adjust the depth of aquatic macrophytes under water by means of rising or sinking down the vegetation bed,so,it can eliminate the limit of diaphaneity and depth to the growth of aquatic vegetation.moreover,the CSPB technology is convenient for the scheme of species and community construction of aquatic macrophytes,as well as for the management and maintenance of aquatic vegetation.It should provide a new idea for water quality improvement by utilizing aquatic macrophytes in grievously polluted water body with low diaphaneity and large depth.
Ceratophyllum demersum
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