Isolated Bacteria from the Uteri of Camels with Different Reproductive Backgrounds: A Study on Sampling Methodology, Prevalence, and Clinical Significance
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The objectives of this study were to comparatively identify the common bacterial isolates from the uteri of camels coming from different reproductive backgrounds after standardizing the sampling method and to investigate the association of clinically measurable parameters with uterine colonization by these isolates. The uterine samples from 856 dromedary camels yielded a total of 17 different bacterial species with a higher proportion of sub-fertile camel uteri being colonized by bacteria (66.6%) as compared to nulliparous, recently calved, and those with unknown reproductive history combined (44.2%; p < 0.05). Camels with body condition scoring < 3 and those with a consistently echogenic appearance of the uterine lumen by sonography were more likely to be positive on uterine culture, while the presence of pus in uterine discharge was not associated with the odds of bacterial isolation (p > 0.05). While certain strains were more likely to be obtained from the uteri of the sub-fertile group (p < 0.05), embryo transfer to camels with a positive uterine culture in the absence of other gross reproductive pathologies did not necessarily affect the overall pregnancy rate compared to recipients with a negative uterine culture (p > 0.05). In conclusion, a relatively high bacterial load can be identified from the uteri of both sub-fertile and normal dromedary camels, with a higher frequency among the former. The uterine ultrasonography and evaluation of the body condition score can help in identifying the camels in which uterus is contaminated by bacteria.To assess the outcomes of pregnancy following postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in the first pregnancy.Cohort study.Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, Scotland, UK.All women with first deliveries recorded in the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank (AMND) between 1986 and 2005.All women identified from the AMND were classified into exposed and unexposed cohorts, according to whether or not they had PPH in their first delivery. They were then linked to any records of a second pregnancy.Any second pregnancy, time to second pregnancy, early or late pregnancy loss, and prevalence of PPH in the second pregnancy.Out of 34 334 women, 10% had a PPH in their first pregnancy. There was no statistically significant difference in the time to a second pregnancy, nor in the outcome of that second pregnancy, between women who had experienced a PPH in their first pregnancy and women who had not. For women with a caesarean delivery, there was a significant reduction in the proportion conceiving again, comparing the exposed and unexposed cohorts.From this cohort study we can conclude that if a PPH occurs in a first pregnancy, there is no delay in achieving a second pregnancy, and no detrimental effect on the outcome of that pregnancy. Significantly fewer women conceive a second pregnancy if they have a caesarean section in their first pregnancy that is complicated by PPH.
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P1225 Aims: We have previously, in a syngeneic mouse model, demonstrated that the transplanted uterus has the capacity of harbouring pregnancies to term and deliver offsprings, which will develop into normal adults. The aim of the present study was to characterize the development of rejection in an allogeneic mouse uterus transplantation model. Methods: Uterus of BalbC mice was surgically removed and transplanted into a heterotopic position by vascular anastomosis to C57BL/6 recipients, which had their native uterus preserved. The tissue blood flow measured by Laser Doppler Flowmetry, gross morphology and histology by light microscopy of the grafted uterus were examined and compared to the native uterus on postoperative day (POD) 2 (n=3), 5 (n=5), 10 (n=4), 15 (n=4) and 28 (n=3). Results: The blood flow in the transplanted uterus was reduced already on POD 2 compared to the native uterus and a progressive decrease in blood flow was seen over time. Macroscopic examination of the transplanted uteri on POD 2 demonstrated normal uterine size and colour, but after 5 days a slight oedema was seen. On POD 10 and 15 the grafts of most animals were oedematous and showed signs of necrosis. Two weeks later the transplanted uteri were totally necrotic. On POD 2 only slight inflammatory changes were seen, but three days later a marked increase in the number of inflammatory cells were observed. On POD 10 and 15 the grafts were heavily inflamed throughout the uterine wall and numerous lymphocytes were present in the glandular epithelium. Focal apoptosis was seen but no necrosis was evident. The blood vessels were congested and endarteritis was seen. Finally, by POD 28 no viable parenchyma was left in the grafts. Conclusions: The rejection pattern in this model of mouse uterus transplantation is similar to other transplanted solid organs. Progressive deterioration in microcirculation, a gradual increase in inflammatory cells and glandular inflammation culminated in fully established rejection by the end of the second week posttransplant. This model will be used for further studies of suitable immunosuppression in uterine transplantation.
Histology
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Loss of control over eating (LOC) is common among women, particularly those with overweight and obesity (OV/OB), and predicts weight gain. Given the importance of understanding weight and eating behaviors during pregnancy, we sought to characterize LOC across pregnancy and the postpartum period among women with pre-pregnancy OV/OB.
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Manaka had been recording contractions of rabbit's uterus by making a canal on the abdominal wall. While she kept away from the experiment for several weeks the entrance of the uterus had been closed. So she opened the abdominal wall and observed the uterus, and found that the uterus was greatly enlarged like a pregnant one, assunablly due to the increase of inner pressure by stay of secreation. This induced us to the present experiment.To enlarge the non-pregnant uterus, the abdominal wall was opened and the vagina was cut off at a distance about 1.5cm from the portio uteri, and uterus canals were formed on the abdominal wall. Several laminaria halls (diameter : ca. 0.5cm) were put into the uterus on one side, then the canal was closed temporarily. Several days after, more balls (5-6) were put into the uterus, and it was removed from the rabbit on the 14-15th day of the first treatment. The uterus was greatly enlarged like a pregnant one, but the other uterus, in which no laminaria ball was put in, showed almost the same dimension as before.The histrogical examination of the tissues of the enlarged uterus showed that the muscle fibers were in somewhat stretched state, a little grown and passively extended, while in the pregnant uterus the muscle fibers were in actively extended and grown state. Except these few points, there were in actively extended and grown state. Except these few points, there was no fundamental difference beteween the tissues of uteri pregnant and artificially distended.From these results, it is assumed that the growth of the items in the prgnancy occurs merely due to the growth of the foetus, regardless of the hoi mortal conditions.
Cervical canal
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To study the contracting uterus effect of Herba Leonuri, establish the standard uterus models, and optimize the environment conditions which could influence Herba Leonuri actions on uterus.By comparing the contracting uterus effect of Herba Leonuri in mice, rats and rabbits, the standard uterus models was established. The optimum extra conditions of uterus were selected by orthogonal design methods.The isolated rat uterus pre-oestrus was selected for the standard uterus, the optimum uterus environment conditions as follows: the pre-burden of uterus was 1.0 g, the temperature of uterus nutrition solution is 32 degrees C, the assay of CaCl2 and NaHCO3 per 1000 ml nutrition solution was respectively 0.06 g and 0.25 g.Under the selected conditions, the contracting uterus effect of Herba Leonuri were more obvious and the errors of bioassay were less smaller.
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Uterus-like masses, such as cavities lined by endometrium-type mucosa surrounded by bundles of smooth muscle cells, may strikingly resemble the uterus. In this report, we describe a case of a uterus-like mass of the uterus in a 35-year-old woman.
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Treatment of the immature animal with æstrogenic or gonadotropic substances has been described by a number of authors in diverse experiments, and vaginal cornification, enlargement and typical histological changes in the uterus, ovulation, mating, and fertilisation, have all been produced, but no successful implantation. The histological changes which occur in the uterus and vagina of the treated immature animal are considered (Reynolds and others) to be characteristic of heat and similar to those in the adult uterus during heat. Nevertheless, it is suggested that the failure to procure implantation in treated immature animals may be due to an unfavourable condition of the uterine endometrium. If that is so, there must exist some difference between the response of the treated immature uterus and that of the mature uterus during cestrus which has thus far escaped detection. Recently we have described (Bacsich and Wyburn, 1940 b ) a cyclic vascular change in the uterus of the guinea-pig in the form of antimesometric hyperæmia present only during normal heat, and, moreover, have been able to induce this vascular response in spayed animals by hormonal treatment (Bacsich and Wyburn, 1941). As this cyclic vascular change provides a particularly delicate test of a complete response of the uterus to ovarian hormonal activity and may influence the site and the course of implantation, it seemed of interest to ascertain if the “characteristic” œstrogenic response of the immature uterus included antimesometric hyperæmia.
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Abstract Purpose To describe the utilization of drugs with pregnancy exposure registries by trimester during pregnancy, in comparison with matched nonpregnant episodes and a pre‐pregnancy period. Methods We identified live‐born deliveries from women aged 10 to 54 years and matched the pregnancies 1:1 with nonpregnant episodes from a comparator cohort not delivering live‐born infants, using data from 2001 to 2013 in the Sentinel Distributed Database. We evaluated the utilization of 34 drugs with pregnancy exposure registries, comparing utilization during pregnancy to the matched nonpregnant episodes, and to the 90 days before pregnancy. Results We identified 1 895 597 pregnancies ending in live births in 1 598 697 women and 1 895 597 matched nonpregnant episodes in 1 582 581 women. We observed a lower prevalence of use for most drugs during pregnancy compared with the matched nonpregnant episodes, and the 90‐day pre‐pregnancy period. The median (interquartile range) prevalence ratio of use, at any time during pregnancy, for all products was 0.2 (0.1‐0.3) comparing pregnant to nonpregnant episodes. Overall, there was a decrease in drug utilization by trimester; from 2.6% in the 90 days preceding pregnancy to 2.1% in the first trimester, 1.1% in the second trimester, and 0.9% in the third trimester. Conclusions Among drugs with pregnancy exposure registries, use was less during pregnancy compared with before pregnancy and to the matched nonpregnant episodes. The lower utilization during pregnancy suggests that women may be avoiding these drugs to minimize potentially harmful exposure during pregnancy. This lower utilization may increase the challenges of further studying the safety of these drugs using pregnancy exposure registries.
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Pharmacoepidemiology
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Abstract Background The clinical course of myasthenia gravis (MG) during pregnancy is highly variable and unpredictable. The management of MG in pregnancy has not been standardized. Methods Eight cases of MG in pregnancy, who were treated and gave birth in our hospital between 2004 and 2012, were retrospectively reviewed. Results In three patients, MG deteriorated during pregnancy. Three patients discontinued their medication for MG during their pregnancy, and the other five patients continued on corticosteroid or pyridostigmine. None of the infants showed any congenital abnormalities. Interestingly, there was a trend towards lower birth weight in infants born to women who had an exacerbation of MG during pregnancy. One patient who had unstable MG before pregnancy and voluntarily discontinued the medication for MG at the beginning of pregnancy, experienced MG exacerbation at the 30th week of pregnancy and gave birth prematurely to an infant with transient neonatal MG at the 34th week. The other seven patients had uneventful full-term pregnancy. Conclusion Women with unstable MG should postpone pregnancy to avoid potential risk of MG exacerbation and adverse effects on the fetus. Medication for MG should not be stopped abruptly during pregnancy, particularly for women with unstable MG. MG during pregnancy should be closely monitored and properly controlled.
Live birth
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The influence of pregnancy on the relapse rate (number of relapses per person per year) in MS was analysed for 52 women who had a pregnancy during the disease. The relapse rate was lower during the pregnancy-year (9 months of pregnancy and 6 months immediately post partum) than the non-pregnancy time. There was a heterogeneous pattern during the pregnancy-year with a sharp decrease in the relapse rate observed during pregnancy and a slight non-significant increase in the puerperium: both these relapse rates were compared with figures observed in the same group of women during the non-pregnancy time. Pregnancy does not appear to be a period at greater risk for exacerbations but, on the contrary it seems to act, on the whole, as a protective event. These data allow physicians to provide reassuring counselling to women.
Post partum
Early pregnancy factor
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