[Effects of straw mulching and phosphorus application on forms and availability of soil phosphorus in hilly dryland of Sichuan, China].
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We conducted a two-factor split-plot experiment to examine the alteration of soil inorganic phosphorus forms and phosphorus availability under straw mulching and phosphorus fertilizer rates. The main factor was straw mulching and non-mulching, while the sub-factor was phosphorus supply rates, including 0, 75, and 120 kg·hm-2. We analyzed the characteristics of phosphorus adsorption-desorption, the content of inorganic phosphorus components and their relationship with available phosphorus in hilly upland purple soil in Sichuan. Results showed that compared with the non-mulching, the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of straw mulching was notably decreased by 7.7% and 7.4% in the two experimental years from 2018 to 2020. The degree of phosphorus saturation and readily desorbable phosphorus of straw mulching were remarkably increased by 35.4% and 21.6% in 2019 and 18.6% and 35.2% in 2020, respectively. The maximum buffer capacity of phosphorus was not different between straw mulching and non-mulching. The maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity and maximum buffer capacity of phosphorus were significantly lower, and the degree of phosphorus saturation was notably higher in the phosphorus application treatment than that under no phosphorus treatment. The readily desorbable phosphorus increased with the increases of phosphorus rates. The contents of dicalcium phosphate (Ca2-P), octa-calcium phosphate (Ca8-P) and iron phosphorus (Fe-P) in straw mulching treatment were notably higher than those in non-mulching treatment, whereas the content of aluminum phosphorus (Al-P) significantly lower under the straw mulching. Meanwhile, the contents of occluded phosphate (O-P) and apatite (Ca10-P) tended to decrease in the straw mulching compared with that under the non-mulching. Phosphorus application increased the content of different inorganic phosphorus components. Compared with the non-mulching, soil available phosphorus content and the phosphorus activation coefficient of straw mulching remarkably increased by 23.2% and 21.3% in 2019, and 9.6% and 8.9% in 2020, respectively. Soil available phosphorus content and phosphorus activation coefficient increased with the increases of phosphorus rate. Results of regression analysis showed that the contribution of inorganic phosphorus components to the availability of available phosphorus in purple soil was Ca2-P > Fe-P > Al-P > Ca8-P > Ca10-P > O-P. Therefore, straw mulching combined with a reasonable phosphorus fertilizer rate could promote the decomposition and transformation of insoluble soil phosphorus to moderately active or easily absorbed phosphorus forms, reduce soil phosphorus adsorption, stimulate soil phosphorus desorption, and improve soil phosphorus availability. Based on the economic benefits, phosphate fertilizer application at the rate of 75 kg·hm-2 combined with straw mulching was recommended in Sichuan hilly dryland, which would be more beneficial in improving soil phosphorus availability.为揭示秸秆覆盖配施磷肥下土壤无机磷形态变化规律及磷的有效性,本研究采用二因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆覆盖和不覆盖,副区为3个施磷量(0、75和120 kg·hm-2),分析秸秆覆盖与施磷条件下四川丘陵旱地紫色土磷吸附-解吸特征、无机磷组分含量及其与有效磷的关系。结果表明: 2018—2020年两个试验年度秸秆覆盖处理比不覆盖处理土壤磷最大吸附量分别显著降低7.7%和7.4%,磷吸附饱和度分别显著增加35.4%和18.6%,土壤易解吸磷分别显著提高21.6%和35.2%,磷最大缓冲容量无显著差异;施磷与不施磷相比,磷最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量显著降低,吸附饱和度显著增加,易解吸磷则随施磷量的增加而增加。两个试验年度秸秆覆盖处理比不覆盖处理磷酸二钙(Ca2-P)、磷酸八钙(Ca8-P)和铁磷(Fe-P)含量显著增加,铝磷(Al-P)含量显著降低,闭蓄态磷(O-P)和磷灰石(Ca10-P)含量有降低的趋势;与不施磷相比,施磷则提高了不同无机磷组分含量。与不覆盖处理相比,两个试验年度秸秆覆盖处理土壤有效磷含量分别显著增加23.2%和9.6%,磷活化系数分别显著提高21.3%和8.9%,且土壤有效磷含量和磷活化系数均随施磷量的增加而提高。回归分析表明,无机磷各组分对紫色土有效磷有效性的贡献为Ca2-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca10-P>O-P。因此,秸秆覆盖配施磷肥促进了土壤难溶性磷向中等活性或易于作物吸收的磷形态分解和转化,降低土壤对磷素的吸附,促进土壤磷素的解吸,最终提高土壤磷素有效性。综合考虑经济效益,推荐四川丘陵旱地秸秆覆盖配施75 kg·hm-2磷肥更有利于提高土壤磷素有效性。.A field experiment was conducted on a Hongyou soil of Yangling to investigate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on wheat yield under straw mulch. The results showed that under straw mulch, N fertilization contributed more to the increase of wheat yield than irrigation, because soil moisture condition was improved greatly. The interaction between irrigation and nitrogen fertilization was negative in no-mulch treatment, but positive under straw mulch. For dryland, more attention should be paid to the input of nutrients when straw mulch was applied. High moisture content in soil profile before sowing and sufficient N input were essential for good harvest when field was not mulched. Under straw mulch, the irrigation rate for a maximum yield was reduced, and the optimum time of irrigation was postponed. Wheat grain yield had no relation to the irrigation during jointing stage in both no-mulch and straw mulch treatments.
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The long-term positioning method was adopted to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,wheat straw mulching and plant density on the yield and net output of summer corn and soil fertility in wheat-corn cultivation system in Qingdao area.The regression equations between the five factors and corn yield,net output and the contents of soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were obtained.Based on the results,the cultivation technique system for summer maize was established with the reduced nitrogen and phosphorus and increased potassium and plant density in Qingdao City.
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In 2007,the results of a long-term fertilizer experiment were used to study the characteristics of weed communities in a paddy field,where crop straw was returned and organic fertilizer applied since 1985(Jinxian County,Jiangxi Province).Weed species biodiversity was significantly reduced under long-term straw return and organic fertilizer application.Long-term straw return through mulching reduced weed density and biomass,but they were increased during the field fallow by organic fertilizer application.The positive effects of organic fertilizer application on weed growth were greater in early planted rice plots than in late planted ones.The negative effects of straw return on weed growth were greater in winter with mulching after application than in summer when straw was mixed into the soil.Alopecurus japonicus was the dominant population with a relative density of more than 90% in all plots and the next common weed populations were Lapsana apogonoides and Aneilema keisak.This suggests that straw return and organic fertilizer application can effectively control weed communities in the paddy field during fallow.
Cropping system
Organic fertilizer
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In order to understand the relationships between P fertilizer and crop yields in the rape-maize rotation system in southern hilly areas,the field trials were used to find out the effects of cropping patterns and P fertilizing amount on the crop yields of rape-maize rotation system and P loss.The results showed that P fertilizer increased the production of maize and rape significantly,and the yield of maize was increased by 18.46%~87.50%.The yield of maize applied with P fertilizer was very significantly higher than CK.The yield of rape applied with P fertilizer was increased by more than 32.0% compared with CK,and the yield increment of the optimized fertilization treatment was higher than the normal one.The coefficient of variation of the production of CK in the two season-crop could be the highest,which meant the stability of the production was the worst.The yields' stability of rape treated by OPT(optimized fertilization+ridge planting+ straw mulching) and OPTP(optimized fertilization+ridge planting+ Straw mulching+ Contour hedgerow) were the best,while the yields' stability of maize treated by OPTP was the best.
Rotation system
Cropping system
Crop Rotation
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Taking bare surface as CK, this paper discussed effect of straw-mulch during wheat stage on soil water dynamic changes and yield of summer maize. Results showed that mulched treatments had significant effect on increasing yield. Influenced by plenty of rainfall, effect of straw-mulch on saving water was not significant, however, straw-mulch was beneficial to the water use efficiency(WUE) of summer maize. Straw-mulch had significant effect on saving water of the surface soil(0～30 cm),especially in the front of growth period of summer maize. On deep soil layer(100～110 cm),the soil content of straw-mulch was lower than that of bare surface. Summer maize which may make best use of plenty of rainfall in summer had significant influence in increasing the use efficiency of rainfall if it was applied with straw-mulch.
Water Use Efficiency
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ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Litter (mulch) may have potential for sustaining low-technology agriculture in at least two capacities: as a nutrient source and as weed control. This experiment discriminates between these two possible effects at a temperate site in Michigan, U.S.A. The design consisted of four factors—corn (Zea mays L.), weeds, grass-alfalfa straw mulch, and N-P-K fertilizer—each at two levels, present and absent. Measured were corn height and yield (fresh weight of cobs); weed emergence and yield (above-ground biomass); and soil levels of K, Mg, and Ca. Mulch increased corn yields evidently by suppressing weeds rather than by adding nutrients. Its effect on yield did not depend on fertilizer level. Fertilizer increased corn growth and yield; it increased weed biomass only in the absence of corn. Both mulch and fertilizer increased corn yield differentially more with weeds present than absent, mulch by suppressing weed emergence, fertilizer by benefiting corn more than weeds. Consequently, the combination of fertilizer and mulch provided excellent weed control. Generalizations about if and how much mulch might work to sustain agriculture cannot readily be inferred since timing of mulch application did not permit full decomposition and initial soil fertility was relatively high. Where more time for mulch decomposition is allowed or where soil fertility is lower, a nutrient-supplying effect of organic mulch should be more apparent.
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Field experiment was carried out to study the impacts of supplementary irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and straw mulching on the growth of root, shoot biomass, yield and its characters of winter wheat. The results show that only the application of nitrogen fertilizer has the significant effects on the growth of winter wheat. The straw mulch improves the growth of root and weight of plant biomass when the nitrogen fertilizer is added. The effect of straw mulching is related to water content in soil. When water stress occurs, the mulching has no significant effects on the growth of root; and a further application of nitrogen fertilizer even has negative effects. Whether the supplementary irrigation is added or not, the straw mulching with N-fertilization has a significant interaction on the yield. The combined treatment of irrigation, fertilization and straw mulch has the highest yield among all the treatments.
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Climate change and the growing demand for food security force growers to identify ways both to improve food production and to reduce agricultural carbon emissions. Although straw mulching is known to decrease CO2 emissions, winter wheat grain yield in the North China Plain was declined under straw mulching. In an effort to determine the most effective way to increase winter wheat yield under straw mulching, a field experiment was conducted using two planting patterns (wide-precision planting and conventional-cultivation planting) and two straw mulching rates (0 and 0.6 kg/m2). The results showed the wide-precision planting/non-mulching treatment significantly increased the leaf area index more than the other three treatments at the early growth stage. This treatment improved aboveground dry matter accumulation and was conducive to increased spike weight in the late growth stage. By contrast, straw mulching significantly reduced winter wheat grain yields by lowering both spike number and 1000-grain weight at the mature plant stage. In the wide-precision planting/mulching treatment, a significantly increased spike number compensated for grain yield losses. The results support the idea that wide-precision planting combined with straw mulching has the potential to decrease the winter wheat grain yield reduction previously observed with straw mulching in the North China Plain.
Winter wheat
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This study intended to investigate the effect of film-straw dual mulches on soil fertility and fruit production in Weibei dryland.Apples which were at full fruit period were taken as subjects in Weibei Region and several indexes had been analyzed in this article,which included nutrient content of apple leaves and branches,soil fertility,fallen leaves amount,proportion of branches and so on.The four different mulching methods werefilm over long wheat straw mulch,long wheat straw over film mulch,film over short wheat straw mulchandfilm over maize straw.The results showed that different mulching methods not only could improve nutrient content of apple leaves and branches,but also enhance the yields and quality of apples.The nutrient content in the treatmentfilm over short wheat straw mulchwas significantly higher than that of the control and the yield,water use efficiency and ratio of excellent fruit in this treatment were highest among all managements.Altogether,film over short wheat straw mulchwas the most appropriate soil management of dual mulches.
Soil nutrients
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In order to establish a high-yield, efficient and conservational and environment-friendly fertilization technology for double-cropping system of rice-oilseed rape in Hubei province, appropriate fertilization modes and the effects of fertilization reduction under the conditions of minimum tillage and straw mulch were studied in Tangli township, Anlu city from 2008 to2010. The results showed that the yield of these two crops was raised by increasing the frequency of topdressing without changing the fertilization amount and the base to dressing ratio. High yield of rice was achieved by topdressing three times during the stage of returning green early tillering and jointing, which can promote tiller-earing, young spike differentiation and grain filling. For high yield of oilseed, topdressing three times after seedling thinning and final singling and during the early or middle of December can enhance the formation of pods and grains and grain filling. Compared with current level of fertilizer used, the usage of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer for rice was reduced by 8% to 10% and the amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer used for oilseed was reduced by 9% to 10%. By adopting the three-times-topdressing method, higher or equal yield and production efficiency can be achieved, comparing with current fertilizer mode.Meanwhile, the former mode can reduce the cost and decrease the risk of fertilizer pollution in farmland.
Tiller (botany)
Potash
Cropping system
Phosphate fertilizer
Multiple cropping
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