Use of Heating Methods and Xylose to Increase Rumen Undegradable Protein of Alternative Protein Sources: 2) Cottonseed Meal
Vitor L. MolosseDavid A. B. PereiraFernanda RigonKalista Eloisa LoregianElaine MagnaniMarcos Inácio MarcondesRenata Helena BrancoPedro Del Bianco BenedetiEduardo Marostegan de Paula
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Abstract:
The ruminal kinetics of protein sources may be changed by heat and sugar treatments. Thus, these processing methods may be used as alternatives to increase beef-cattle diets’ rumen undegradable protein (RUP). We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing cottonseed meals with autoclave, conventional, and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose, on the ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted, and each sample was incubated in the rumen to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate ID. The control treatment had a greater soluble fraction for DM and CP than processed cottonseed meals (p < 0.05). The addition of xylose decreased both DM and CP water-soluble fractions (fraction A) of cottonseed meal heated in a conventional oven (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, we observed a decrease in effective degradability and increased RUP for all processed methods (p < 0.05). Furthermore, conventional and microwave ovens showed greater ID than the control. Moreover, xylose-treated groups heated in the autoclave and conventional ovens had greater ID than xylose-untreated cottonseed meal. Under these experimental conditions, cottonseed RUP was increased by the evaluated processing methods.Keywords:
Cottonseed meal
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Autoclave
Protein Degradation
Abstract The inactivation of aflatoxin in cottonseed products has been restricted principally to ammoniation of cottonseed meal. More recently, attention has been focused on the feasibility of ammoniating whole cottonseed as a feed for ruminants. Preliminary work is presented on treatment with gaseous ammonia of undelinted (fuzzy) cottonseed containing an average of 1,500 µg/kg total aflatoxins. These seed were treated with 4% anhydrous ammonia (w/w) for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 66 C to 82 C. The data obtained in this study indicate that inactivation of aflatoxins in undelinted whole cottonseed may be accomplished using processing conditions comparable to those proposed for cottonseed meal.
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THE use of cottonseed meals as sources of protein in the diets of growing chickens is increasing, at least partly because they frequently are cheaper than other protein concentrates and recent investigations have led to improvement in their nutritive value. However, because of the toxic properties of gossypol, a component of the pigment glands of cottonseed, the quantity of a cottonseed meal that can be used advantageously in the diet of growing chickens may depend on the quantity of gossypol the meal supplies to the diet. It seems unnecessary in this paper to mention more than a few pertinent references to the literature on the toxicity of gossypol. Withers and Carruth (1915) were apparently the first to report a correlation between a decrease in the amount of gossypol that could be extracted from cottonseed with diethyl ether and an improvement in the nutritive value of the cooked seed. As a …
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IN THE South where cotton is a major crop, cottonseed meal is abundant and relatively cheap. The protein quality, while not as high as animal protein, satisfies the essential amino acid requirements of poultry to an extent that it is a valuable protein supplement. Except for the rather unfortunate characteristic of producing discolored yolks, cottonseed meal is a good, convenient source of protein for the poultry diet. Research has been done previously in order to ascertain the cause of the egg yolk discoloration brought about by cottonseed meal in the diet. In most cases gossypol, a complex polyhydric naphthalene derivative present in cottonseed meal, has been postulated to be wholly or partially responsible although other workers maintain that gossypol plays no part at all. These conclusions have all been based on feeding trials. No chemical interpretations of the yolk discoloration have been reported. Inasmuch as all biological processes are fundamentally . . .
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THE successful incorporation of cottonseed products in a layer ration has, for some time, been a problem for nutritionists as well as for poultrymen. Evidently, the first report of the problem was by Roberts and Rice (1891). They fed rations containing cottonseed meal which produced mottled yolks. However, no effort was made to determine the real cause of the abnormality. Similar results were indicated by Lamon and Lee (1917), who found that the “greenish spots on the yolks” were more frequent during the warmer portion of the year. Upon testing cottonseed meal produced from glanded and glandless cottonseed, Heywang et al. (1965) found that meal from glanded cottonseed produced a high incidence of mottled yolks while that from the glandless seed produced only limited mottling and in some cases no mottling. Thompson et al. (1930) found no evidence to show that gossypol was the factor involved in the discoloration of . . .
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With the raw material of cottonseed defatted and degossypoled meal by alcohol washing,alcalase was used to prepare the hydrolyzed products.Foaming ability and foaming stability of the cottonseed meal protein and enzymatic hydrolysis of cottonseed meal protein were studied by single factors experiment,and comparison was made between the foaming properties of the cottonseed meal protein and hydrolysis of cottonseed meal protein by orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the foaming properties of enzymatic hydrolyzed cottonseed meal protein was better than that of cottonseed meal protein when the degree of hydrolysis was 19.91%,and the velocity of churning was the most significant factor to the foaming ability of enzymatic hydrolyzed cottonseed meal protein.
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Abstract Cottonseed and peanut meals were treated with ozone to destroy or eliminate aflatoxins. High meal moistures (cottonseed 22%, peanut 30%), high temperature (100C), and longer treatment times favored inactivation as measured by thin‐layer chromatography. Aflatoxins B 1 and G 1 were readily destroyed by the ozone processes whereas aflatoxin B 2 appeared relatively resistant. In cottonseed meal, 91% of the total aflatoxins was destroyed in 2 hr, a decrease from 214 to 20 ppb; in peanut meal, 78% was destroyed in 1 hr, a decrease from 82 to 18 ppb. In both meals, aflatoxin B 1 was totally inactivated within the times specified.
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Summary A test diet was formulated to approximate the commercial feed associated with the 1960 trout hepatoma epizootic in California. The same diet without the cottonseed meal portion served as the control. A third ration with food grade cottonseed flour substituted for the cottonseed meal was also tested. The trout on the 2 diets with the cottonseed products showed a high incidence of hepatoma. These results confirm previous observations associating the development of hepatoma in trout with the feeding of cottonseed meal. Chemical analyses relate the occurrence of hepatoma to aflatoxin B1 in the cottonseed components of the test diets. These observations provide cumulative evidence that the hepatoma epizootic in California trout resulted from aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed meal ingredient. Confirmation of the carcinogenicity of the cottonseed flour sample was obtained in a second experiment using a semipurified ration. Initial analysis of the cottonseed flour detected no aflatoxin. Subsequently an improved method detected 2 parts per billion of aflatoxin B1; this is equivalent to 0.4 ppb in the experimental diet. Results from other studies indicate that the naturally occurring cyclopropene fatty acids and gossypol in the cottonseed components probably enhanced the carcinogenic action of the minute quantity of aflatoxin.
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The results of an investigation to determine the effect of protein source on toxicity of gossypol in swine rations are presented. Peanut and soybean meal were used as the sources of supplemental protein in Experiment I and cottonseed and soybean meal in Experiment II. Cottonseed meats were added to the rations containing each source of protein to obtain graded levels of free gossypol. Six pigs were individually fed each ration. The toxicity of free gossypol, as measured by feed intake, gain and mortality of swine was influenced by both the source of protein and the level of free gossypol. There was a significant (P<0.05) protein-source × level-of-free-gossypol interaction associated with feed consumption and daily gain. Soybean meal rations gave superior performance to peanut or cottonseed meal rations at all levels of free gossypol. Efficiency of feed utilization was not significantly affected by gossypol addition to the ration. The mortality rate was lower for pigs fed soybean meal rations than for pigs fed peanut or cottonseed meal rations.
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NUMEROUS investigations have established the high nutritive value of properly heated cottonseed meal. The deleterious physiological properties of unheated cottonseed meal have been attributed to the presence of gossypol, a yellow pigment, which in the intact seed is localized in so-called pigment glands. Boatner et al. (1948) presented an extensive literature review on the different methods of gossypol removal from cottonseed meal and on the effects of extracted cottonseed meal upon the growth and mortality of chicks. They also reported that pure gossypol when incorporated in the diet produced relatively little retardation in the growth of chicks. This finding conflicted with the generally accepted views of gossypol toxicity. It seemed possible that pure gossypol added to a feed mixture might react with other constituents and be detoxified, and that gossypol occurring in pigment glands or in cottonseed meal might be protected from such a reaction. Therefore experiments were planned in . . .
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THE use of cottonseed meal in poultry rations, especially rations for laying hens, has been limited by problems due to cyclopropenoid fatty acids and to the cottonseed pigment commonly called gossypol. Phelps et al. (1965) and Phelps (1966) have published extensive reviews of compounds in cottonseed products which alter the performance of poultry or cause discoloration of eggs. The recent development of low gossypol glandless cottonseed meal resulting from the genetic studies of McMichael (1954, 1959, 1960) has presented the possibility of increased use of glandless cottonseed meal in laying hen rations. Johnston and Watts (1964, 1965a, b) compared laboratory-prepared glandless cottonseed meal, a commercially processed, prepress, solvent extracted, glanded cottonseed meal, and solvent extracted soybean meal in broiler diets. Lysine supplementation produced a growth response in all diets, but the greatest response was with the glanded cottonseed. The authors concluded that the glandless cottonseed meal was equal to soybean…
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