The first discovery of Shang period smelting slags with highly radiogenic lead in Yingcheng and implications for the Shang political economy
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Locating the source(s) of the raw material used in the production of Shang bronzes with highly radiogenic lead (HRL) has been one of the most important unresolved issues surrounding metallurgy in early China. In this paper, we demonstrate that the Shang period (ca. 1600–1050 BCE) smelting slags from Yingcheng contain HRL, and the copper ores could have been acquired from Lüzudong and Bukou (6 km and 17 km from Yingcheng, respectively). This is the first discovery of HRL from Shang period smelting slags. In addition, the lead isotope signals from Yingcheng match well with those from Middle Shang period bronzes, indicating the possibility that Laiwu could be a source area for metals with HRL at the time. Our data provide a new direction for exploring the sources of ores for Shang bronzes, which can in turn inform us about the socio-political and economic organization of the Shang state.Keywords:
Radiogenic nuclide
Shang dynasty
Radiogenic nuclide
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In this study, 16 sediment samples were collected from Bree, Klein-Brak, Bakens and uMngeni rivers of South Africa and were prepared, analysed and evaluated for the activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K concerning its radiogenic heat production using a high-purity germanium detector. The results show that 238U is the prevalent radionuclide in radiogenic heat production, with 232Th and 40K emerging as trace elements. The mean activity concentrations are 28.97%, 63.69% and 7.34% for uranium, thorium and potassium, respectively, from all sampling locations. This shows that a high radioactive concentration of a specific radionuclide does not necessarily imply its increased contribution to radiogenic heat production. The radionuclide contributions to radiogenic heat production at all sampled locations are 59.39%, 35.11% and 5.50% for uranium, thorium and potassium, respectively. The mean radiogenic heat production rate in the study area ranged from 0.0180 μWm−3 in sediment samples from the Bree River in Western Cape to 0.0072 μWm−3 in sediment samples of uMgeni River in KwaZulu-Natal. All values obtained for this study are five times lower than the average continental radiogenic heat production of 1 μWm−3. This study provides insight into the radiogenic heat production rate due to the presence of radionuclides in all river samples.
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Radioactive decay
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Radiogenic nuclide
Pegmatite
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Abstract Laboratory experiments indicate radiogenic argon is not wholly driven off on prolonged heating but converges towards definite minimum values for each temperature. Atoms of radiogenic argon in the lattice of feldspars cannot diffuse spontaneously and can only migrate during reorganization of the lattice during unmixing or exsolution phenomena. Migration of radiogenic argon is subject to heterodiffusion theory while, simultaneously, telluric temperature currents or fluctuations exert much effect on radiogenic argon content and can therefore distort absolute age determinations. R. M. Hutchinson
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The purpose of the present paper is to show He, Ar isotopic application to studying the accumulation mechanism of natural gases in the central areas of ( Xiaoquan, Xincheng and Hexinchang ) Western Sichuan Basin. The gas reservoirs occur at depths ranging from 560m to 4566m, in which CH4 dominates, occupying up to 92% to 99% by volum of the gas samples, and being believed to be thermogenetic in source. The samples all have ^40Ar/^36Ar ratios greater than the atmospheric value(295.5). The calculated radiogenic ^40Ar content ranges in 20% to 60% by the total volum of each sample. And the ^3He/^5He ratios(R/Ra=0.01-0.1), suggesting that all the He in these samples is entirely crust radiogenic. The radiogenic ^4He/^40Ar ratios are 1.3 times to 29 times greater than the crustal production ratio(4.92), being attributed to the preferential transport of ^4He relative to ^40Ar in fluxes from the basement into the upper strata. The observed correlation between the CH4/^36Ar and ^4He/^40Ar ratios clearly indicates that the thermogenetic CH4, and crust radiogenic ^4He and ^40Ar, as well as atmopheric ^36Ar are intimately associated. These characteristics require a common carrier intermediate to the sampled reservoirs, where these differentially originated gases are well mixed and stored together in prior to entrapment into gas reservoirs.
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Basement
Isotopes of argon
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The relative error in the determined radiogenic age is less than the relative error in the measured amount of a decay product, which always occurs in age determination experiments. This can be confirmed by calculating the error for the case when there is an error in the measured amount of the decay product while there is no (or negligible) error in the measured amount of the decay precursor at the present time. This is a paradox because the relative error in the radiogenic age would always be larger than that in the measured amount of the decay product, when we assume that there was no (or negligible) error in the initial amount of the decay precursor.
Radiogenic nuclide
Radioactive decay
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using one to three samples.
Radiogenic nuclide
Lead (geology)
Isotopic ratio
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King Qi lived the period of Yushun and Dayu when monogamy was prevailing,the marriage system of Shang′s people was also monogamy in King Qi′s period.According to documents,archaeological materials and oracle bones inscriptions we find the marriage system of Shang′s people had taken monogamy for along time in King Hai′s period.
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