Greener Approach towards the Synthesis of Nitrogen Based Heterocycles
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The preferable application of green chemistry in research is to utilize environment benign, mild, non toxic, reproducible catalyst and efficient solvents in synthesis of molecules. Use of green chemistry techniques had enabled in dramatically reducing chemical waste and reaction times as has recently been reported in several organic syntheses reactions. Greener routes are required in the synthesis of N-heterocycles, due to the remarkable importance of these compounds in medicinal chemistry. This chapter is dedicated to the synthesis of N containing heterocyclic compounds using eco-friendly solvent like water and bio-derived solvents (glycerol, ethyl lactate, and gluconic acid aqueous solution). Water and bio-based solvents for the synthesis of aromatic nitrogen heterocycles was chosen due to the negligible toxicity associated with these solvents. Apart from being eco-friendly, water also has the potential to become a universally acceptable solvent due to its abundance and low cost. Work on microwave synthesis is also reported as it is an eco-friendly and faster process for the synthesis of these N-based heterocyclic compounds. Due to its rapid action to produce products with greater purity and yield, it is now being used worldwide.Keywords:
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Gluconic acid
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A friendly benign, green, rapid and facile strategy for synthesis a series of arylquinoxalines was achieved by condensation of aromatic 1,2-diamines with arylglyoxals under clay-catalyzed as an inexpensive and eco-friendly catalyst using grindstone chemistry. Significant decreases in reaction times and high yields have been observed by this green chemistry approach in comparison with previously reported using toxic solvents and reflux conditions. The improved method described herein is economical, environmentally friendly, easily-operated due to solvent-free and easy work-up conditions.A friendly benign, green, rapid and facile strategy for synthesis a series of arylquinoxalines was achieved by condensation of aromatic 1,2-diamines with arylglyoxals under clay-catalyzed as an inexpensive and eco-friendly catalyst using grindstone chemistry. Significant decreases in reaction times and high yields have been observed by this green chemistry approach in comparison with previously reported using toxic solvents and reflux conditions. The improved method described herein is economical, environmentally friendly, easily-operated due to solvent-free and easy work-up conditions.
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Considerable stress to replace a lot of volatile organic compounds which were used as solvents in synthetic organic chemistry has been done for many chemical industries. A suitable solution for these problems is found by using the ionic liquids as a clean medium of working and avoiding the solvent effect. The present work describes a facile and green ultrasound-assisted procedure as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods for the preparation of a series of 26 new functionalized imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Their structures were characterized by FT-IR, 1H, 13C, 11B, 19F, 31P NMR and mass spectra.
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Most of the traditional methods for organic synthesis have been associated with environmental concern. The transition from traditional to modern methods of synthesis is mainly based on principles of green chemistry to achieve better sustainability by reducing the negative impact on the environment and health. It has been found that the use of microwaves as an energy source in organic synthesis has a great advantage over conventional heating. Microwave-assisted reactions are energy efficient and hence, are being considered in the preview of the green chemistry principles. The use of safer solvents is another important principle of green chemistry. The use of water as a solvent in organic synthesis has great benefits over the use of hazardous organic solvents in terms of environment and safety. This compilation will cover the use of both microwave and water simultaneously in organic reactions.
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Introduction General Remarks Preparations and Properties Kinetic Studies Hydroboration Synthesis of Alcohols Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids Synthesis of Esters Synthesis of Nitriles Synthesis of (E) -b ,g - Unsaturated amides Synthesis of Amines Synthesis of Halides Synthesis of Dialkylsulfides Synthesis of Thiophene oligomeres Synthesis of Cyclopropanes and Cyclobutanes Synthesis of Borinanes Synthesis and Transformation of Butterflyboranes Synthesis of a - Bromoboranes Synthesis of Borinates Synthesis and Transformation of Polymers Synthesis of alkali metal 9- boratabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane Synthesis of B - R - 9 - BBN not available via hydroboration Synthesis of unsaturated compounds Reduction AsymmetricReduction Cleavage of Ethers Trans - Metalation Separations of isomers Diels - Alder reaction Suzuki Reaction Miscellaneous
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Glucose oxidase
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Glucose and gluconic acid oxidases of three types of oxidative bacteria were studied by Zunberg method. (1) A. suboxydans, which oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and gluconic acid to 5-ketogluconic acid, has powerfull glucose oxidase, and the gluconic acid oxidase appeares later. (2) Ps. gluconicum, which oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid, has glucose oxidase but not so active as A. suboxidans. The gluconic acid oxidase is absent. (3) Ps. f luorescens, which oxidizes glucoses to gluconic acid and glucnoic acid to 2-ketogluconic acid, has powerfull gluconic acid oxidase, but the glucose oxidase is very poor. (4) Glucose and gluconic acid oxidase of S. marcescens, which oxidizes glucose to 2-ketoglu-conic acid by submerged culture, are not detectable. Author thinks that oxidases of this bacteria ate not so constitutive as others.
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The use of water as solvent features many benefits such as improving reactivities and selectivities, simplifying the workup procedures, enabling the recycling of the catalyst and allowing mild reaction conditions and protecting-group free synthesis in addition to being benign itself. In addition, exploring organic chemistry in water can lead to uncommon reactivities and selectivities complementing the organic chemists' synthetic toolbox in organic solvents. Studying chemistry in water also allows insight to be gained into Nature's way of chemical synthesis. However, using water as solvent is not always green. This tutorial review briefly discusses organic synthesis in water with a Green Chemistry perspective.
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Abstract The presence of dinitrophenol (DNP) during the chemostatic growth of Acetobacter methanolicus on glucose led to i) no significant increase in glucose dehydrogenase, ii) a decrease in the capacity to oxidize glucose by about 30%, not depending on the DNP concentration, and iii) a gradual decrease in the capacity to form gluconic acid, depending on the concentration of the uncoupler. Similar effects of DNP on Acetobacter methanolicus were observed during the gluconic acid formation process. The loss in the capacity to form gluconic acid is indicated by a drop in the ATP concentration of the cells which cannot be counteracted by the ATP syntheses originating from the oxidation of gluconic acid and of glucose. ATP could be necessary for pumping protons out of the cells that were taken up together with gluconic acid and by the effect of DNP.
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In recent days the various techniques have been used in synthesis of organic, inorganic compounds which are harmless to environment under the name Green chemistry. Ultrasound irradiation is one of these widely used techniques in chemistry and elsewhere. This short communication reports the comparative study of synthesis of oxime using ultrasonic irradiation and traditional chemical method. Oximes are used as intermediates in the organic synthesis of anilide, also selective protection and de-protection of carbonyl group during synthesis to prefer conversion of desired functional group in to targeted product. Yield and kinetics of oxime preparation by routine chemical method and ultrasonic irradiation method are compared in this report. Yields by ultrasound technique are found to be higher as compared to the yield by routine synthetic method. Even the time required for completion of reactions by ultrasonic irradiation method was found to be less than that of by traditional chemical method. Moreover the exclusion of organic solvent as reaction medium was achieved.
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