BEYONDPLANCK
A. BasyrovA.-S. Suur-UskiL. P. L. ColomboJohannes R. EskiltS. ParadisoK. J. AndersenR. AurlienR. BanerjiM. BersanelliS. BertoccoM. BrilenkovM. CarboneH. K. EriksenM. K. FossC. FranceschetU. FuskelandS. GaleottaM. GallowayS. GerakakisE. GjerløwB. HensleyD. HermanM. IacobellisM. IeronymakiH. T. IhleJ. B. JewellA. KarakciE. KeihänenR. KeskitaloG. MaggioD. MainoM. MarisB. PartridgeM. ReineckeT. L. SvalheimD. TavagnaccoH. ThommesenDuncan J. WattsI. K. WehusA. Zacchei
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Abstract:
We present Planck LFI frequency sky maps derived within the BeyondPlanck framework. This framework draws samples from a global posterior distribution that includes instrumental, astrophysical and cosmological parameters, and the main product is an entire ensemble of frequency sky map samples. This ensemble allows for computationally convenient end-to-end propagation of low-level instrumental uncertainties into higher-level science products. We show that the two dominant sources of LFI instrumental systematic uncertainties are correlated noise and gain fluctuations, and the products presented here support - for the first time - full Bayesian error propagation for these effects at full angular resolution. We compare our posterior mean maps with traditional frequency maps delivered by the Planck collaboration, and find generally good agreement. The most important quality improvement is due to significantly lower calibration uncertainties in the new processing, as we find a fractional absolute calibration uncertainty at 70 GHz of $\delta g_{0}/g_{0} =5 \cdot 10^{-5}$, which is nominally 40 times smaller than that reported by Planck 2018. However, the original Planck 2018 estimate has a non-trivial statistical interpretation, and this further illustrates the advantage of the new framework in terms of producing self-consistent and well-defined error estimates of all involved quantities without the need of ad hoc uncertainty contributions. We describe how low-resolution data products, including dense pixel-pixel covariance matrices, may be produced directly from the posterior samples without the need for computationally expensive analytic calculations or simulations. We conclude that posterior-based frequency map sampling provides unique capabilities in terms of low-level systematics modelling and error propagation, and may play an important role for future CMB B-mode experiments. (Abridged.)Keywords:
Propagation of uncertainty
Digital videos such as those captured by a smartphone often exhibit exposure inconsistencies, a poorly exposed sky, or simply suffer from an uninteresting or plain looking sky. Professionals may edit these videos using advanced and time-consuming tools unavailable to most users, to replace the sky with a more expressive or imaginative sky. In this work, we propose an algorithm for automatic replacement of the sky region in a video with a different sky, providing nonprofessional users with a simple yet efficient tool to seamlessly replace the sky. The method is fast, achieving close to real-time performance on mobile devices and the user's involvement can remain as limited as simply selecting the replacement sky.
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The main aim of the "Pi of the Sky" experiment is a search for short optical transients in the sky. During each night the whole sky is scanned two times, at the beginning and at the end of the night. This paper describes the basic analysis carried out on the sky scan data and its preliminary results.
Raspberry Pi
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The purpose of the paper is to analyze theoretically the sky factor with the sky amount as sky exposure criterion, using a three-dimensional spatial model. First, we demonstrate that the sky factor is always greater than the sky amount for any shape of building. Second, we prove that the difference between the sky factor and the sky amount is maximum when the angle of elevation is between 30°and 40°, measured at the center of the building. Finally, we show that the difference is bounded by 11% for any rectangular parallelepiped.
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본 연구는 Sky Diving시 Sky Diver가 지각하는 심리적 불안요인과 자신감의 관계를 규명하고, 이를 바탕으로 Sky
Diving의 자신감 강화 프로그램을 개발하기 위한 예비조사로 수행된 것이다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 Sky Diver 150명에
게 설문지를 배포하여 최종 123부를 분석하였고, 자료 분석은 SPSS v.21을 활용하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, Sky Diving시 Sky
Diver의 스트레스 관련 징후에 따른 행동 대처방식에서 스트레칭과 호흡을 주요 대처방식으로 가장 많이 사용하는 것으로
나타났다. 둘째, Sky Diver의 심리적 불안요인과 자신감은 종교의 유무와 연령, 강하횟수에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 셋째,
Sky Diver의 심리적 불안요인은 자신감에 부적 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 Sky Diving시 Sky Diver
의 심리적 불안요인을 낮추고 자신감을 높일 수 있는 심리적 대처기술을 향상시키는 프로그램 개발에 기여할 것으로 사료된
다.
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We present a cosmic microwave background (CMB) large-scale polarization dataset obtained by combining Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) in the K , Q , and V bands with the Planck 70 GHz maps. We employed the legacy frequency maps released by the WMAP and Planck collaborations and performed our own Galactic foreground mitigation technique, relying on Planck 353 GHz for polarized dust and on Planck 30 GHz and WMAP K for polarized synchrotron. We derived a single, optimally noise-weighted, low residual foreground map and the accompanying noise covariance matrix. These are shown through χ 2 analysis to be robust over an ample collection of Galactic masks. We used this dataset, along with the Planck legacy Commander temperature solution, to build a pixel-based low-resolution CMB likelihood package, whose robustness we tested extensively with the aid of simulations, finding an excellent level of consistency. Using this likelihood package alone, we are able to constrain the optical depth to reionization, τ = 0.069 −0.012 +0.011 at 68% confidence level, on 54% of the sky. Adding the Planck high-ℓ temperature and polarization legacy likelihood, the Planck lensing likelihood, and BAO observations, we find τ = 0.0714 −0.0096 +0.0087 in a full ΛCDM exploration. The latter bounds are slightly less constraining than those obtained by employing the Planck High Frequency Instrument’s (HFI) CMB data for large-angle polarization, which only include EE correlations. Our bounds are based on a largely independent dataset that includes TE correlations. They are generally compatible with Planck HFI, but lean towards slightly higher values for τ . We have made the low-resolution Planck and WMAP joint dataset publicly available, along with the accompanying likelihood code.
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Digital videos such as those captured by a smartphone often exhibit exposure inconsistencies, a poorly exposed sky, or simply suffer from an uninteresting or plain looking sky. Professionals may edit these videos using advanced and time-consuming tools unavailable to most users, to replace the sky with a more expressive or imaginative sky. In this work, we propose an algorithm for automatic replacement of the sky region in a video with a different sky, providing nonprofessional users with a simple yet efficient tool to seamlessly replace the sky. The method is fast, achieving close to real-time performance on mobile devices and the user's involvement can remain as limited as simply selecting the replacement sky.
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