AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean: current situation.
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HIV and AIDS first affected the countries of North America and the Caribbean. By now, all countries in the region have been affected, but the magnitude and distribution of HIV's impact vary between subregions and countries. Conservative estimates tally 750,000 infected with HIV in Brazil, 120,800 in the Latin Caribbean, 91,250 in the Andean area, 80,000 in Mexico, 41,400 in the Southern Cone, 30,800 in the Central American Isthmus, and 8300 in the Caribbean. 48,767 AIDS cases were reported in Latin America and the Caribbean by the end of 1991. 46.3% of cases were in Brazil, 18.6% in Mexico, 9.8% in Latin Caribbean, 8.4% in the Andean area, 7.0% in the Caribbean, 5.7% in the Central American Isthmus, and 4.3% in the Southern Cone. Compared to figures for 1990, incidence in the Southern Cone increased by 155%, 82% in the Central American Isthmus, 60% in Mexico, 40% in the Andean area, and 25% in Brazil. Incidence may have decreased by 9.7% in the Latin Caribbean and 0.3% in North America. Reporting remains delayed and incomplete for many of these countries. Further, only 50% of AIDS cases in Latin America may actually be reported. Incidence and prevalence data should, therefore, be treated with caution. HIV and AIDS are discussed in detail on a subregional basis.Keywords:
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Obstetric Anesthesia Digest: December 2007 - Volume 27 - Issue 4 - p 187 doi: 10.1097/01.aoa.0000302294.41110.30
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ABSTRACT Objective: To describe how the incidence and mortality trends for laryngeal cancer in South and Central American countries. Methods: Time series study, with incidence data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, from 1990 to 2012 and mortality data from 17 countries of the World Health Organization, from 1995 to 2013. The trend was analyzed by Joinpoint regression. Results: The highest incidence rate for laryngeal cancer was in Brazil, with 5.9 new cases per 100,000 men, and the highest mortality rate in Uruguay with 4.2 deaths per 100,000 men. The incidence ratio between genders ranged from 4: 1 (Colombia) to 12: 1 (Ecuador). The mortality ratio between the sexes ranged from 4: 1 (Peru) to 14: 1 (Uruguay). Conclusion: Most countries had low incidence rates and reduced mortality in Latin America.
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The United Nations and the Governments of the Americas have made it a priority goal to create the best possible heaEth and social conditions for people passing through adolescence and youth. This article reviews the current health conditions of these groups in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the general approach indicated for providing health services addressed to their specific needs.
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Rather than providing a comprehensive overview of the sexually transmitted disease (STD) picture in the Americas, this presentation contrasts the STD problem in Latin America and the Caribbean with the situation in both less developed and more developed regions of the world. It also points out three areas of opportunity for improving preventive and curative STD services, specifically: (1) more effective utilization of social security institutions in Latin America, (2) incorporation of STD services into primary health care programs, and (3) development of pilot projects in the smaller Caribbean territories. It is noted, in addition, that the more developed countries of the region are showing increased interest in sexually transmitted diseases. Among other things, the recruitment of a PAHO epidemiologist in venereal diseases on Jamaica--to assist in the development of a national STD program--opens up a new area for PAHO technical assistance which, if successful, may be extended elsewhere.
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Pipunculids, also known as ‘big-headed flies,’ are among the major families of Diptera exclusively parasitoids with 1,405 species described worldwide. Is widely distributed in Latin America, occurring from northern Mexico to the Tierra del Fuego Island of Chile. Pipunculidae is found in a variety of environments including deserts, Andean valleys, forests, meadows, and on small, remote islands. The present catalogue is the first study that provides detailed information on the distribution and biology of all pipunculid species recorded to date in Latin America (south of the USA) and in the Caribbean, including new pipunculid-host associations for the Region. We hope that this contribution becomes an important tool for carrying out further research on the Pipunculidae and for conserving this important group of flies.
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At the time of Spanish intervention in the Caribbean, there were seven different indigenous speech communities in the Antilles: Ciboney Taíno in Hispaniola, all of central Cuba, all but the southern Lucayan Islands, and Jamaica; Macorís, in two dialects, in the Dominican Republic section of northern Hispaniola; Ciguayo on the Samaná Peninsula of northeastern Hispaniola; Guanahátabey in Pinar del Río province of far-western Cuba; Classic Taíno in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Vieques, and the Virgin and Leeward Islands; Kalíphuna in the Windward Islands; and Karina Carib, also in the Windward Islands. This article’s reconstruction of events in the pre-Columbian Antilles encompasses five major physical migrations of people into the islands, commencing about 4000 BC and completing themselves sometime between the years AD 1500 and 1600. The external migrations originated outside the Antillean region, while internal migrations involve the spread of people and culture within the islands.
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