Source Investigations, Quality Indexing of Vegetable Farmland and Human Health Risk Implications
M. Nur E. AlamMohammad Mozammal HosenAsmat UllahM. A. MaksudS. R. KhanL. N. LutfaTasrina Rabia ChoudhuryShamshad B. Quraishi
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Abstract Climate changes effects, food security and self-sufficiency targets in densely populated countries like Bangladesh forced excessive human activities on vegetable farmland, and heavy metal contamination may result. An analysis of three toxic heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr), was conducted to determine their source and associated health risks in vegetables, taking into account source pathways, fertilizers/pesticides and soil, using 12 sampling points at two different locations in two different Flam-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (F-AAS) and Graphite Furnace-AAS (GF-AAS) modes. In soil and fertilizers/pesticides, the mean concentration of heavy metals declined in the same order of Cr > Pb > Cd. For vegetables, the mean concentration decreased in the order of Pb > Cr > Cd with some extra quantity of Pb compared with an allowable limit of World Health Organization (WHO) predicting industrial and fertilizer usage impact on location B. For both locations, the quality indexing of soil projected low levels of contamination with insignificant ecological risks. The toxic metal transfer to vegetables followed the order Cd > Pb > Cr, the same for both locations but higher at location B. However, the toxic metals uptake through vegetables was much less than maximum tolerable daily intake. The human health risks arising from harmful metals exposure at both locations were ineffective (< 1) in evaluating non-carcinogenic risk patterns through target hazard quotient (THQ), total THQ and hazard index (HI). Again considering probable carcinogenic risk patterns, vegetable consumption with studied exposure levels of toxic metals will be significant (between 1.0E-04 to 1.0E-04). Overall, location B is a little bit more vulnerable than A by considering the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic model and related intervention and protective measures are needed to be taken.Keywords:
Hazard quotient
Objective:To determine the content of six heavy metal and deleterious elements(Pb,Cd,As,Hg,Cu and Sb)in six Chinese herbs.Methods:Samples were digested with microwave digestion system,and the Pb,Cd,Sb were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(GFAAS);the As was determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy(HGAAS);the Hg was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy(CVAAS);the Cu was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS)and examine the reproducibility and recovery of the method.Results:The recovery was 79.0%-125.8% ,RSD was 0.8%- 14.6%.Conclusions :The method is simple and accurate and can be used in the determination of heavy metal and deleterious elements in Chinese herbs.
Microwave digestion
Atomic spectroscopy
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Road dust is viewed as one of the major contributors for metal pollution in urban environment and long-term exposure can cause chronic damage through ways of inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact so they pose a great threat on human health. The article presents a study conducted to determine the concentrations of seven heavy metals in road dust from a chosen street in Cracow, and the impact of heavy metals contamination in surface street dust on human health using Health Risk Assessment. The health risk was assessed using Hazard Quotient (HQ), Health Index (HI) and Carcinogenic Risk (RI).
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The aim of this work was to study Pb accumulation in indoor dust, and health risk of human due to dust exposure. Risk assessment of Pb to human health: Pb is most harmful to human body. The reasons of non-carcinogenic risk in residential area may be that indoor is not swept regularly, in addition, indoor decoration, building materials and other factors may also affect the content of Pb in dust. Non-carcinogenic risk in children is not only more than adults but also beyond the safety threshold. Indoor dust has been a threat to the health of children in Shenyang.
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The intake of heavy metals through fruit consumption is a food safety problem that severely impacts the health of consumers; so information about food intake and heavy metal concentrations in food products is required to estimate the potential risk it poses to the health of the population. The aim of this study is to estimate the potential risks caused by heavy metals to human health from exposure to Cd, As, Pb and Hg through the intake of yellow and red apple considering the age group and gender. The concentration of each of the metals was quantified by spectrometry of atomic absorption (AAS) and the health risk indices such as health risk index (HRI), the hazard quotient (THQ) and the probability of carcinogenic risk (CR) through the consumption of apple were estimated. The concentrations of the metals analyzed in the apple samples shows the following decreasing order: Cd > Pb > As and Hg. The health risk assessments obtained from the samples of apples are located within the acceptable and tolerable limits; however, the increase in the intake of heavy metals through consumption of apples purchased from the study area may increase the health risk potential of consumers. For this reason, it is recommended to carry out studies on the concentration of heavy metals in various fruits products, mainly those of high demand, to guarantee food security of the population.
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Tolerable daily intake
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Cadmium(Cd)accumulated in milled rice has adversely affected human health. Here we collected l458 rice samples from Fujian Province in 2013 to investigate the health risk caused by Cd in milled rice. Cadmium concentrations in rice samples were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer(GF-AAS). The metal pollution in milled rice was evaluated by single factor pollution in-dex, and the metal health risk was assessed by nonparametric probability method. Cadmium concentrations in all samples ranged from 0.001 to 1.158 mg·kg-1, in which only 5% of the samples contained Cd exceeding the China Health Standards for Food(0.2 mg·kg-1). The hazard quotient(HQ)of the health risk was 1.34, 1.87 and 3.56 for 95%, 97.5% and 99.5% exposure, respectively, all greater than 1, indicating the potential risk of Cd pollution. Moreover, late-season rice had higher Cd absorption than early and mid-season rice did. The present study suggests that the accumulation of Cd in milled rice is a potential health risk to consumers of some areas in Fujian Province. Considering the potential health risk, it is necessary to implement yearly monitoring of Cd contamination in milled rice in Fujian Province.
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In Peru, rice grains, wheat, and their processed products are accessible due to their low cost; however, their sale does not have quality certification, so their safety is not guaranteed. This study quantified lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) by voltammetry in 16 samples of grains and processed products from four markets in Arequipa (Altiplano, Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Los Incas, and San Camilo) and evaluated their potential health risk. The maximum concentrations of Pb in rice, wheat, and their processed products were 4.821 mg/kg, 7.962 mg/kg, 4.717 mg/kg, and 6.440 mg/kg, respectively; only seven samples showed Cd. All samples exceeded the maximum level (ML) for Pb, and four samples exceeded the ML for Cd established by the Codex Alimentarius (0.200 mg/kg); the rice product had the highest concentration of Pb and Cd. In relation to the estimation of potential health risk, the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and target cancer risk (TR), showed that the consumption of all processed rice and wheat products (except Andrés Avelino Cáceres rice and San Camilo wheat) represent a health threat associated with an increased probability of cancer development.
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Concentration of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg) in cabbages and potatoes were determined and the potential human health risks due to the consumption of the vegetables have been estimated. Mean concentrations of Zn (134.0 + 5.62 mg/kg), As (0.12 + 0.01 mg/kg) and Cd (0.32 + 0.01 mg/kg) in cabbages from Biological Lagoon area as well as Zn (103.0 + 8.34 mg/kg), As (0.14 + 0.01 mg/kg) and Cd (0.31 + 0.01 mg/kg) in cabbages from Boicha stream area were above the safety limits of FAO/WHO. Likewise, mean concentrations of As (0.24 + 0.03 mg/kg) in potatoes from Biological Lagoon area as well as As (0.35 + 0.07 mg/kg) and Pb (0.50 + 0.04 mg/kg) from Boicha stream area were also above safety limits. Assessment of Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) indicated no human health concern from consumption of both cabbages and potatoes grown in the areas except as through consumption of potatoes from Biological Lagoon and Boicha stream areas. However, effects of all the metals put together may affect human health as revealed by the high Hazard Index (HI > 1). Assessment of Target Cancer Risk (TCR) revealed human health concern from consumption of these vegetables for As and Cd. Overall, vegetables consumption from industrial zone is more risky than consuming vegetables from the Reference site indicating effluents from industries to be a potential sources of the heavy metals.
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Health Risk Assessment
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Hazard quotient
Food contaminant
Tolerable daily intake
Health Risk Assessment
Health hazard
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The Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contents in home-grown crops in a former mining district were determined in order to evaluate the non-carcinogenic long-term potential health risk related to crop consumption. The potential health risk was investigated by estimating the daily intake and the hazard quotients. For all crop categories, the daily intake and the target hazard quotient were below the threshold values for Cd, Cu, and Zn. The daily intake of Pb exceeded the oral reference dose, while the target hazard quotient for vegetables was above 1, indicating a potential health risk. The total target hazard quotient for the individual metals decreased in the following order: Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn. This study confirmed that the daily consumption of crops grown in contaminated soils could pose health risks to humans.
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Health Risk Assessment
Reference dose
Health hazard
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Abstract Because of the routine consumption of vegetables and the possibility of heavy metals contamination, it can threaten the health of consumers. In this investigation, the concentration and human health risks of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni) were evaluated in the harvested cucumber samples in nine villages of the Darrehshahr Township, Iran. The average concentrations of elements in all the villages were ranked as follows: Zn < Pb < Cu < Ni < Cd. The concentration of Cd (except village I) and Pb as toxic pollutants in all the samples were higher than maximum levels (ML) of Iran standard. Among all the studied elements, only EDI and EWI values of Pb were found to be higher than recommended value limits of Iran standard. THQ (Target Hazard Quotient) of all the elements except Pb was less than 1and was in the order Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd. So, the health risk of cucumber consumption, because of Pb, was high. Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) in all the villages was more than 10. It represented that the health risk for non-carcinogenic diseases due to long term cucumber consumption would be high. Based on the results, there is a health risk from consumption of cucumber grown in Darrehshahr Township because of high Pb concentration.
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Health Risk Assessment
Consumption
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