Green Synthesized of Thymus vulgaris Chitosan Nanoparticles Induce Relative WRKY-Genes Expression in Solanum lycopersicum against Fusarium solani, the Causal Agent of Root Rot Disease
Sawsan Abd-EllatifAmira A. IbrahimFatmah Ahmed SafhiElsayed S. Abdel RazikSanaa S. A. KabeilSalman AloufiAmal AlyamaniMostafa M. BasuoniSalha M. ALshamraniHazem S. Elshafie
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Fusarium solani is a plant pathogenic fungus that causes tomato root rot disease and yield losses in tomato production. The current study's main goal is testing the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Thyme vulgaris essential oil (ThE-CsNPs) against F. solani in vitro and in vivo. GC-MS analysis was used to determine the chemical constituents of thyme EO. ThE-CsNPs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy before being physicochemically characterized using FT-IR. ThE-CsNPs were tested for antifungal activity against F. solani mycelial growth in vitro. A pot trial was conducted to determine the most effective dose of ThE-CsNPs on the morph/physiological characteristics of Solanum lycopersicum, as well as the severity of fusarium root rot. The relative gene expression of WRKY transcript factors and defense-associated genes were quantified in root tissues under all treatment conditions. In vitro results revealed that ThE-CsNPs (1%) had potent antifungal efficacy against F. solani radial mycelium growth. The expression of three WRKY transcription factors and three tomato defense-related genes was upregulated. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant enzyme activity were all increased. The outfindings of this study strongly suggested the use of ThE-CsNPs in controlling fusarium root rot on tomatoes; however, other experiments remain necessary before they are recommended.Keywords:
Fusarium solani
Root rot
WRKY protein domain
Pathogenic fungus
Fusarium solani
Root rot
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Danshen root rot is one of the soilborne diseases caused by Fusarium solani. In recent years, the average disease incidence varies from 10% to 30% in Sichuan province. It results in the yield reduction and the quality decline. In order to control this disease, many isolates of Trichoderma spp, which is effective to control Fusarium solani were selected from soils around danshen roots. Of these isolates, T.harzianum T23, T.citrinoriride T56 are more effective. The control effects of T23 and T56 to danshen root rot disease in field are 523% and 557%, respectively, and they are both equivalent to Carbendazol.
Root rot
Fusarium solani
Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma
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Two morphological forms of Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wollenw., designated as form A (FS-A) and form B (FS-B) were isolated from mulberry roots with symptoms of root rot disease. All of FS-A and FS-B forms were pink and white colonies, respectively. The pathogenicity test of both forms on mulberry roots by detached root technique and on mulberry cutting showed infection capability of root rot at 33.8 - 85% disease severity and 30-100% disease incidence, respectively. All isolates can be recovered from brous roots, lateral roots and basal of the cutting trees at 76 - 100, 60 - 90, and 40 - 62%, respectively. The primer Fsol-F1 and Fsol-R1 showed good speci city for F. solani , at the speci c level, the 300 bp PCR product was ampli ed exclusively from both mycelium and infected mulberry roots.
Root rot
Fusarium solani
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The study aimed to isolate and diagnose pathogens of fig root rot disease in addition to evaluation effect of the biological control agents Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium cyclpium in control of the pathogens of fig root rot. It was found fungi accompanying the roots of fig plantlets. Fusarium solani was the most frequent pathogenic fungus, followed by Rhizoctonia solani. The results showed a high effectiveness of biological agents in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi, as the percentage of inhibition of the fungus T. harzianum against the fungus F. solani reached 100%. The percentage of inhibition against the pathogenic fungus R.solani was 89.99%. As for the bioagent P. cyclopium, the results displayed its high antagonistic ability against the two pathogenic fungi. As well as, the test results revealed the antagonistic ability of the microorganism EM-1 formula against the pathogenic fungi F.solani and R.solani that cause the root rot disease of fig plantlets.
Fusarium solani
Root rot
Pathogenic fungus
Trichoderma harzianum
Dry rot
Chitinase
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Fusarium root rot is one of the most important diseases of pulse crops, with numerous Fusarium spp. comprising the disease complex. Fusarium solani and F. avenaceum have been reported to be major pathogens in the pea root rot complex, and all commonly grown varieties are susceptible. Greenhouse methods to evaluate peas for resistance to Fusarium root rot resulted in inconsistent disease severity across varieties. In 2015, F. avenaceum infested field plots were more heavily damaged based on emergence and yield than F. solani infested plots, and opposite trends were observed in 2016. Differences in root rot severity between years could be due to F. solani infestation causing more damage under warmer temperatures, while plots infested with F. avenaceum caused more damage under cooler temperatures. These results highlight the difficulties observed when screening for soil-borne pathogens, and the increased difficulties when a pathogen complex and changing environmental conditions are involved.
Root rot
Fusarium solani
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Pea root rot has emerged as a significant concern in select cultivation regions of Himachal Pradesh, with varying levels of disease incidence recorded across districts. In this study, disease incidence was quantified, with notable rates documented in Bir, Chougan, and Kukumseri. The widespread presence of pea root rot, underscores the severity of the issue. Previous research has identified Fusarium solani F. sp. pisi as a primary pathogen. The morphological, cultural, and pathogenic evaluations, confirm the involvement of Fusarium solani F. sp. pisi in pea root rot. Economic implications of this disease complex are significant, necessitating comprehensive understanding and management strategies. The methodological approach, including pathogenicity tests using Hoagland's solution, offers insights into disease progression and symptomatology. These findings contribute valuable insights into the biology and management of pea root rot, essential for developing effective disease control strategies in pea cultivation.
Root rot
Fusarium solani
Disease management
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Fusarium solani
Root rot
Fungal disease
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Two morphological forms of Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wollenw., designated as form A (FS-A) and form B (FS-B) were isolated from mulberry roots with symptoms of root rot disease. All of FS-A and FS-B forms were pink and white colonies, respectively. The pathogenicity test of both forms on mulberry roots by detached root technique and on mulberry cutting showed infection capability of root rot at 33.8 - 85% disease severity and 30-100% disease incidence, respectively. All isolates can be recovered from fibrous roots, lateral roots and basal of the cutting trees at 76 - 100, 60 - 90, and 40 - 62%, respectively. The primer Fsol-F1 and Fsol-R1 showed good specificity for F. solani, at the specific level, the 300 bp PCR product was amplified exclusively from both mycelium and infected mulberry roots.
Fusarium solani
Root rot
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Aphanomyces euteiches is an important root-rotting pathogen of pea. When recovering isolates of A. euteiches from infested soils in Wisconsin using pea as a bait host, isolates of Fusarium solani often were recovered. Experiments were established to compare disease symptoms of pea seedlings inoculated with isolates of A. euteiches and F. solani alone or in combination. Inoculation of pea seedlings with either of two isolates of A. euteiches produced typical root rot symptoms. However, inoculation of pea seedlings with an isolate of F. solani resulted in no disease symptoms, indicating that the isolate was nonpathogenic to pea. Co-inoculation of pea seedlings with A. euteiches and the nonpathogenic isolate of F. solani resulted in significantly (P = 0.05) greater disease severity than inoculation with A. euteiches alone. Both A. euteiches and F. solani could be reisolated, individually or together, from pea seedlings following individual or co-inoculations, respectively. Although the mechanisms of interaction between these two species are unknown, the synergism documented in this study indicates that the interactions of pathogens with nonpathogens may affect development of disease symptoms.
Fusarium solani
Root rot
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Fusarium solani
Root rot
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