Surveillance of arthropod-borne viruses in Benin, West Africa 2020–2021: detection of dengue virus 3 in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Carine TchibozoGildas HounkanrinAnges YadoulétonAlexandra BialonskiEric AgboliRenke LühkenJonas Schmidt‐ChanasitHanna Jöst
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This article examines how chikungunya virus disease is epidemiologically and politically invisible in Brazil, unlike other diseases related to the Aedes Aegypti mosquito, such as Zika, dengue, and yellow fever. It demonstrates the intricacy of identifying the presence of chikungunya, as its effects are generally materialised in pain, which is difficult to measure and quantify, and thus is invisible to medical and state bureaucracy. As with other chronic diseases, chikungunya transforms identities and social relations among those affected. By analysing the situation in Natal, in Northeast Brazil, and considering epidemics as social, economic, and political narratives as well as biomedical phenomena, the article asks how chikungunya might end when it has not even officially started.
Chikungunya fever
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Alphavirus infection
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Chikungunya virus is now recognised as a resurging arbovirus of global public health significance, with their circulation in both new and old world. It is horizontally transmitted among vertebrates by Aedes mosquitoes. So far, the existence of vertical transmission of Chikungunya virus in Aedes vector is riddled with conflicting reports. In this study, presence of Chikungunya virus was detected in adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that emerged from field-collected larvae from Gwalior, northern India during 2010. This was further confirmed through nucleotide sequencing that revealed the presence of novel east central south African (ECSA) genotype of Chikungunya virus. This provides molecular evidence for vertical transmission of Chikungunya virus in mosquitoes in nature, which may have important consequences for viral survival during inter-epidemic period and adverse climatic conditions.
Aedes albopictus
Alphavirus infection
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Zika Virus
Veterinary virology
Flavivirus
Arbovirus Infections
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Abstract Chikungunya and Zika are arboviruses transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti . Mosquito fecundity and egg viability are important parameters of vectorial capacity. Here we aim to understand, comparatively, the effects of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infections on the fecundity and fertility of young and old Aedes aegypti females. Using artificial infection blood feeding experiments we observed that both CHIKV and ZIKV do not alter the number of eggs laid when compared to uninfected females, although the egg fertility significantly decreases in both young and old CHIKV-infected females. There is an upward trend of null females (infertile females) from 2.1% in young to 6.8% in old ZIKV-infected females. Together, our data revealed that CHIKV and ZIKV affects differently Ae. aegypti physiology, that may be related to different viral spread in nature.
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We estimated the weighted mean basic reproduction number (R0) of chikungunya virus based on outbreak size. R0 was 3.4 (95% CI 2.4-4.2) and varied for 2 primary chikungunya mosquito vectors: 4.1 (95% CI 1.5-6.6) for Aedes aegypti and 2.8 (95% CI 1.8-3.8) for Ae. albopictus.
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Durante el ano 2014 la region de las Americas experimento la llegada y rapida expansion de una nueva enfermedad infecciosa, tropical y metaxenica, la fiebre por virus chikungunya (CHIK) [1]. La infeccion por CHIK, descrita hace mas de 50 anos, no habia afectado previamente al continente y llego a finales de 2013 a las islas del Caribe, de donde a partir de casos importados, gracias a la presencia de sus vectores, especies de Aedes, principalmente A. aegypti, se empezaron a producir casos autoctonos [2].
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مقدمه: Vector-borne diseases شامل بیش از 17 درصد همه بیماریهای عفونی هستند که سالانه سبب بیش از 1 میلیون مرگ و میر می شوند. پشه¬های Aedes بیماریهای Chikungunya، Dengue fever، Rift Valley fever، Yellow fever و Zika را منتقل می کنند این مطالعه به منظور بررسی فون پشه¬های آئدس و مراقبت و پایش حشره¬شناسی ناقلین اصلی ویروس زیکا، تب دنگی و چیکونگونیا انجام شد.
روش اجرا: بر حسب راهبردهای پژوهش شهرستانهای مورد مطالعه از نظر امکان ورود و استقرار پشه¬های آئدس (بهشهر، نکا، ساری و سوادکوه) در شرق استان، انتخاب شده و با روش نصب اوی¬¬ترپ، پیمایش صید لارو و گزش روزانه برای صید بالغ از خرداد تا آذرماه سال 1395 برای مراقبت حشره¬شناسی و جمع¬آوری نمونهها اقدام گردید.
نتایج: در این تحقیق، مجموعا 1429 پشه شامل 1219 لارو و 210 بالغ از 4 شهرستان جمع-آوری و شناسایی گردید. 68.6 درصد نمونه¬های بالغ و 13.5 درصد نمونه¬های لارو، از جنس آئدس بود. گونههای Ae. (Adm.) vexans، Ae. (Fin.) geniculatus، Ae. (Och.) caspius و Ae. (Och.) pulcritarsis به صورت بالغ و لارو در بین نمونهها شناسایی و تشخیص داده شد.
پیشنهاد: پایش حشره¬شناسی پزشکی باید بصورت سالانه در فصول فعالیت پشه¬ها، بعنوان یک برنامه ادغام یافته در سیستم شبکه¬های بهداشتی درمانی کشور بمنظور اطلاع از ورود پشه-های ناقل اصلی زیکاویروس، تب دنگی و چیکوگونیا در سریعترین زمان به منطقه و انجام اقدامات لازم بموقع بعدی برای پیشگیری از انتشار آنها، صورت گیرد.
Vector-borne diseases include more than17% of all infectious diseases that cause more than1 million deaths annually. Aedes mosquitoes transmit Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Yellow fever, and Zika diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the fauna of Aedes mosquitoes and care and control of the main vector of zika virus, dengue fever and chikungunya.
Method: Based on the research strategies of the cities, the cities of the province were selected for introduction and placement of the Aedes mosquitoes (Behshahr, Neka, Sari and Savadkouh) in the east of the province, and by the method of installing the ovitrap, larval fishing and human baited trap May to November In 2016, insect studies and collecting samples were taken.
Results: In this study, a total of 1429 mosquitoes, including 1219 larvae and 210 adult mosquitoes, were collected and identified. 68% of the adult samples and 13.5% of the larvae were from the Aedes genus.Ae (Adm.) Vexans, Ae. (Fin.) geniculatus, Ae. (Och.) Caspius and Ae. (Och.) Pulcritarsis were identified as adult and larvae among the specimens.
suggestion: The monitoring of medical entomology should be conducted annually in the mosquito activity seasons as an integrated program in the health care system of the country in order to know the arrival of the main vector mosquito of Zika, Dengue fever ,Chikungunya, Yellow fever and Rift Valley fever at the earliest time to the area and to take the necessary timely steps to Preventing their publication.
Rift Valley Fever
Aedes vexans
Zika Virus
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Experiments were conducted to test whether Aedes apicoargenteus can transmit Chikungunya virus. It was found that after infection A. apicoargenteus maintained an infective titer of the virus for at least 14 days. This is of significance since this is the first time that this species has been shown to transmit a virus to susceptible animals.
Theobald
Aedes albopictus
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BackgroundThe Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus, is an invasive species that has expanded its territory to over 40% of the earth's terrestrial landmass in the last 30 years [1].Ae. albopictus is an efficient vector of all serotypes of dengue, a disease that has increased in frequency over the past 30 years in the Americas [2], where it represents an annual cost of 2,100,000,000 USD per year [3].This mosquito is also an efficient vector of the three genotypes of Chikungunya virus, a worldwide emerging pathogen that causes fever, fatigue, and joint swelling in humans.Since 2006, Chikungunya outbreaks have been increasingly recorded outside the virus's native range in tropical Africa, perhaps because of a mutation in the virus's envelope gene, which increases the replication and dissemination capacity of the virus in Ae. albopictus [4].During the second quarter of 2014, Chikungunya has been detected throughout much of the Americas, with major outbreaks occurring in several Caribbean nations, and local transmission confirmed or suspected in the United States, Panama, Venezuela, Peru, and Chile, creating an imminent threat for humans throughout the Americas, who have no prior exposure to this infection [5].The first cases of Chikungunya disease in Panama were reported in May 2014, occurring in nonresidents who most likely picked up the virus in their Caribbean countries of origin.On 23 July 2014, Panama's health authority reported autochthonous transmission of Chikungunya virus.Coincidentally, the earliest cases involved patients located in Juan Diaz, an urban area on the eastern outskirts of Panama City, where the first specimen of invasive Ae. albopictus was collected in 2002.Ae. albopictus has expanded across much of Panama since that time, yet to date, no information exists about the degree of expansion or about the factors contributing to the geographic expansion of this important mosquito vector across Panama.Here, we map the temporal expansion of Ae. albopictus, use species distribution models to determine the ecological and nonecological factors associated with its expansion, and comment on the implications for vector and disease control programs in Panama and elsewhere in the American tropics.
Aedes albopictus
Panama
Mosquito control
Alphavirus infection
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Objective: The objective of this work was to adapt a diagnostic kit developed for humans to identify Dengue (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, DENV4), Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in females of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and to verify if the occurrence of mosquitoes infected with these three arboviruses are being found in regions with high occurrence of these diseases in humans. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, live mosquitoes were captured between January and June 2020 using 3,476 traps permanently installed in the field were used. After capture, the species were identified, then the females were placed in a pool of 2 to 10 specimens and sent to the laboratory for detection of DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, DENV4, ZIKV and CHIKV by RT-PCR using a commercial human kit for arboviruses. Results: Of the 76 mosquito pools collected, six (7.9%) pools tested positive for the DENV2 virus. The DENV-positive mosquitoes were collected in regions with a high incidence of reported cases of Dengue or in adjacent areas. Conclusion: The absence of kits for the detection of these arboviruses in Aedes is a limiting factor and the adequacy of commercial kits, already used for the diagnosis of arboviruses in humans, the results presented demonstrate that it is possible to identify the presence of DENV2 in mosquitoes with the respective kit, reinforcing the use of RT-qPCR as a robust diagnostic tool for epidemiological surveillance allowing managers to receive timely results for decision-making regarding prevention and control actions.
Aedes albopictus
Zika Virus
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