Study on properties and durability of alkali activated rice straw fibers cement composites
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Rice straw
Environmental Pollution
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Effectiveness of rice straw in combination with different proportions of urea in supplying nitrogen to rice and wheat, grown in sequence, was studied in field. Straw and urea combinations registered lower grain yield of rice than integrated use of conventional manures and urea. A very high dose of urea with rice straw was necessary to get good yield. At early growth stages of rice, straw-urea materials recorded higher N uptake but they failed to compete with manures at latter stages. Use of dhaincha plus urea in 1: 1 ratio was found to be the best in terms of yield and N uptake by rice. Beneficial effect of straw incorporation could not be observed in succeeding wheat crop also.
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The essence of common concrete durability design is to determine the w/c ratio and the minmal,cement consumption that can meet the demand of concrete durability,This paper adopts the formula method to directly design the mixture ration of concrete by analyzing durability while considering both strength and durability.Based on the deduction of the mathematical relationships of w/c ratio,unit cement consumption and concrete strength.f cu ,the formula of w/c ratio is established that meets durability index.Then ,comparing w/c ratio that meets durability with w/c ratio that meets strength,the lower one is chosen to calculate unit cement dosage by formula(4).In this paper concrete durability is divided into frost resistance durability,carbonization durability,acid radical diffusion durability and grinding durability.
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[Objective]The aim was to provide a reference for the application of straw bio-reactor technology.[Method] The effects of straw species on application of straw bio-reactor technology were elaborated,by carrying out a different types of application effect of straw test for corn stalks and rice straw.[Result] Applying bio-reactor on cucumber with facility cultivation,the yield of applying corn stalks increased by 5.26% than applying rice straw,and the output value increased by 5.55%.Applying bio-reactor on tomato with facility cultivation,the yield of applying corn stalks increased by 5.26% than applying rice straw,and the output value increased by 5.55%.[Conclusion] Applying bio-reactor technology on cucumber and tomato production in greenhouse,the yield increased by applying rice straw than corn straw,and the rice straw could be chosen in the main rice-growing areas.
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Modern aircraft structures are designed to be damage tolerant and to have an adequate durability. The Damage Tolerance provides structural safety in case of inadvertent cracking, the Durability determines the time that the structure can be kept in service in an economically acceptable way.
Many aircraft are planned today to be kept in service considerably longer than the original design life, and knowledge of the actual durability of the aircraft becomes important. Unfortunately, only a lower limit of that durability, determined in a full scale durability test is-known, however.
The present report investigates how estimates of the actual durability can be made on the basis of the absence of cracks at a certain lifetime.
Durability is loosely defined: In the present study, two Durability Criteria are investigated. In the one, it is assumed that the Durability Life ends when a specific number of cracks has occurred. The other criterion assumes that Durability life ends when a certain crack rate, that is the number of new cracks developing per flight hour, is reached.
Using a simple statistical model, the concept is quantified and the influence of the various parameters involved is investigated.
Some examples quantify the predictions that can be made and indicate that the methodology defined can be applied in practical cases.
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Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to estimate the availability to rice plants of Si contained in rice straw. To separate the effect of straw application on Si availability in soil, two kinds of rice straws, which contained 15.5% (+ Si straw) and 0.2% SiO2 (—Si straw), were used at a rate of 1% of air-dry soil, respectively. Rice plants were cultivated twice during a period of 2 months each. Results of the two harvests indicated that +Si straw application increased the Si concentration in the percolating water, the Si content of rice shoots, and soil-available silicate. However, compared to the Si contained in the added straw, the release of Si from the +Si straw was only about 6% in the first cultivation, and 3% in the second cultivation, respectively. The — Si straw application was not associated with any of the effects observed in the +Si straw application. Successive water extractions showed that the solubility of Si in the +Si straw was lower than that of silica gel, but much higher than that of opal. These facts suggest that the short term availability of Si in the straw applied to the soil is low and the application of materials with a higher availability of Si such as slags may be desirable for satisfactory growth of rice plant.
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Nine adult female albino rabilts (18-30m; 2.28+0.07), divided equally Into 3 groups, were fed on a concentrate mixture (CM) containing rice straw either treated with urea (A) or treated with Coprinus fimetarius fungus (15) or untreated (C) for 6 m. It was observed that the total DM consumption as well as N balances were similar in all groups. However, N retention expressed as percent of obsorbed N was apparently higher in the B than in A or C groups. Histopathological observations revealed no lesions which could be attributed to the feeding of fungal treated straw. Furthermore, the rabbits fed CM with fungal treated rice straw (B) consumed more feed (P>0.05) than those fed other diets. However, no mortality was. recorded in any of the groups during 6m of experiment indicating there by fungal treated rice straw was non-toxic.
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Introduction Pore Structure and Transport Processes Physical Deterioration Mechanisms Deterioration Mechanisms - Chemical Durability performance tests Modelling and predicting the effects of deterioration mechanisms Materials selection for improved durability performance Construction processes for improved durability Design aspects that can reduce risk from deterioration mechanisms Case Studies: durability problems, repair strategies or proper consideration to durability design? Repair Methods Issues related to performance-based specification for concrete Advances in durability design and performance-based specification
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Durability of concrete structures is a serious problem which requires to be resolved quickly.Research of accelerated durability will get twice the result with half the effort.In this paper the contents of accelerated durability study are introduced,design principles of accelerated durability experiment are put forward as well as analysis methods of test data.The basic principles of test criterion of accelerated durability are discussed.The further experiments and theories of accelerated durability will be studied based on the work.
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[Objective] The study was to provide the theoretical basis for rational utilization of straw resources.[Method] With different rice and rape varieties as the materials and the treatment without straw application as CK,the effects of straw returning for successive years on yields of rice and succeeding rape under the conditions of none-water layer irrigation cultivation and conventional flooded cultivation were studied.[Result] Under conventional flooded cultivation condition,rice yields in treatments of wheat straw and rape straw mixed with soil were increased by 5.9%-7.2% that that of CK in the first year,but rice yields of the 2 treatments in the second,the third and the fourth year were decreased by 6.7%-8.0%,16.0%-17.9% and 22.6%-23.9% than that of CK resp..Under none-water layer irrigation cultivation condition,rice yields in treatments with straw returning were increased by 6.3%-11.5% than that of CK in the first year,but rice yields of the treatments in the second,the third and the fourth year were decreased by 0-21.3%,2.1%-2.8% and 9.6%-11.6% than that of CK resp.Rape yields in treatments with straw returning were increased by 1.8%-9.3% than that of CK,and those in the second and the third year were increased by 4.3%-10.6% and 5.9%-14.1% than that of CK resp..[Conclusion] After straw returning,rice yield was increased in the first year.After straw returning for successive years,rape yield increased year by year.
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Some problems of durability have been existing in concrete. This paper analyses factors affecting durability of concrete, summarizes the corresponding technical measures of impr oving durability of concrete, and points out the necessity and feas ibility of using High-Performance Concrete of excellent durability.
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