Adaptive phenotypic plasticity is under stabilizing selection in Daphnia
Dörthe BeckerKaren Barnard-KubowRobert PorterAustin EdwardsErin VossAndrew P. BeckermanAlan O. Bergland
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Daphnia pulex
Crypsis
Stabilizing selection
Experiments were performed in 100‐liter cages in which Daphnia pulex and larvae of the predatory dytiscid Acilius semisulcatus were enclosed. Results indicate that individual predators have feeding rate coefficients >20 liters·d −1 on all sizes of Daphnia combined and that the vertical distribution of Daphnia >1 mm long is significantly altered by the presence of this predator. Density of Acilius was determined in a small pond near Montreal, and simple calculations suggest that this macroinvertebrate predator, although occurring at a low density, may exert considerable influence on the numbers of Daphnia in the pond.
Daphnia pulex
Dytiscidae
Diel vertical migration
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We measured mortality of protozoans and rotifers in three lakes of contrasting zooplankton communities. We also compared protozoan growth in an experiment which controlled Daphnia biomass but varied body size. Mortality was determined as the difference between growth rates over 24 h in containers with and without zooplankton. Growth rates of heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates were high in the presence of a small assemblage of zooplankton and near zero or negative when either Daphnia pulex or Daphnia galeata was the dominant zooplankton species. Growth rates of rotifers were also usually lower in the presence of Daphnia. Mortality rates of heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, and rotifers were positively related to the mean body size of Daphnia in comparisons among experiments. In an experiment with equal biomasses but different sizes of D. pulex, flagellate growth rates were lower in treatments with large Daphnia. High mortality in zooplankton communities dominated by larger species of Daphnia appears to be important in determining differences in the abundances of protozoans and rotifers among lakes.
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia galeata
Pulex
Flagellate
Bosmina
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Changing environmental calcium (Ca) and rising cyanobacterial blooms in lake habitats could strongly reduce Daphnia growth and survival. Here, we assessed the effects of maternal Ca in Daphnia on transfer of resistance to their offspring against Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 (M. aeruginosa). Laboratory microcosm experiments were performed to examine effects in Daphnia carinata (D. carinata) and Daphnia pulex (D. pulex), and that how Ca induce responses in their offspring. The results showed that growth and survival were increased in offspring from exposed Daphnia as compared to unexposed, when raised in high Ca and increasing M. aeruginosa concentration. Among exposed Daphnia, offspring from high Ca mothers, produced more neonates with large size and higher survival as compared to offspring from low maternal Ca. Exposed D. carinata and D. pulex offspring, when reared in Ca deficient medium and increasing M. aeruginosa concentration, time to first brood increased, size become large and total offspring decreased subsequently in three alternative broods in offspring from low maternal Ca. In contrast, growth and reproduction in offspring from high Ca exposed mothers were consistent in three alternative broods. Despite species specific responses in growth, survival and variant life history traits in two Daphnia species, our results not only show maternal induction in Daphnia but also highlight that offspring response to M. aeruginosa varies with maternal Ca. This study demonstrates that Ca have role in Daphnia maternal induction against Microcystis, and recent Ca decline and increasing Microcystis concentration in lakes may decrease Daphnia growth and survival. Our data provide insights into the interactive effect of maternal Ca and Microcystis exposure on Daphnia and their outcome on offspring life history traits and survival.
Daphnia pulex
Microcystis aeruginosa
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Daphnia pulex
Model Organism
Metabolome
Proteome
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Daphnia pulex
Daphnia magna
Pulex
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The freshwater crustacean Daphnia is an emerging model system in the biology of aging. Diversity in aging patterns is thought to be caused by ecological variation in selection on age-specific performance. Previous work in Daphnia has shown a strong correspondence between selective differences and genetic variation in aging in the Daphnia pulex species complex. However, recent evidence suggests obligate asexuality could account for the more rapid aging found in pond genotypes compared with lake genotypes without invoking differences in selection. Evolutionary biologists have to date assumed equivalent operation of neutral processes when comparing aging across populations, but a shift in the breeding system changes the basic dynamics of neutral evolution. To test the hypothesis that the breeding system could explain the short lifespans of pond-dwelling Daphnia, we compared aging of sexual and asexual Daphnia clones from temporary ponds. Our data contradict the breeding system hypothesis. Differences in aging between the breeding systems were slight, and trended in the opposite direction from that predicted: asexual clones had longer lifespans and appeared to age more slowly than sexual clones. We conclude that divergent selection between habitats remains the best explanation for differences in aging between Daphnia species.
Daphnia pulex
Asexuality
Obligate
Parthenogenesis
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Abstract Daphnia populations from the region of Yellowknife (N. W. T.) on the Great Nave Lake, from Tuktoyaktuk (N. W. T.) on the coast of the Beaufort Sea east of the Mackenzie‐Delta, and from Shingle Point (Y. T.) west of the Mackenzie‐Delta were described. Population diagrams were given for the beginning of September 1974. The populations found at the above mentioned sites were compared with Daphnia pulex from Spitsbergen and the German island of Spiekeroog. Though some characteristics of Daphnia middendorffiana FISCHER occurred, mainly in individuals from very northern ponds, these were always found in individuals which also possessed some of the characteristics of Daphnia pulex . In every pond, specimens with characteristics of Daphnia middendorffiana lived together with other individuals resembling Daphnia pulex . Males were found in three out of the four visited ponds on the shore of the Arctic Sea, and were apparently Daphnia pulex . All the material sampled in northern Canada was regarded as belonging to Daphnia pulex LEYDIG 1860 emend. RICHARD 1896. There was evidence, that characteristics of Daphnia middendorffiana develop under the influence of environmental conditions, such as food supply. Daphnia magna STRAUS was found far north of the arctic circle.
Daphnia pulex
Pulex
Daphnia magna
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We investigated three aspects of adaptation to variable environments in Daphnia pulex (Cladocera: Crustacea): (1) effects of temporal variation on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity ; (2) plasticity in sexual versus asexual lineages; (3) maintenance of genetic variation in variable environments. We performed a 72-day quasi-natural selection experiment comparing three patterns of variation: constant temperatures, varying but predictable temperature change, and unpredictable temperature change. All populations were begun with an identical array of 34 clones. During selection clonal variation declined in all populations and different patterns of environmental variation had little effect on amounts of genetic variation. Sexual and asexual lineages differed in size and growth rate, but did not differ in amounts of plasticity or in adaptation to variable environments. The primary target of selection was the Malthusian parameter ( r ) and life history traits of development time, offspring size and offspring number. The heritability of plasticity was generally lower than trait heritability. Because of this difference, the selection response on the mean of the traits overwhelmed the selection response on plasticity. Lower heritabilities of plasticity are very typical, suggesting that our results will be typical of responses to selection in nature. Our results suggest that selection will act mostly on trait means within environments and that plasticity will evolve often as a correlated trait. Because selection on plasticity is based on its across-deme, global fitness, this process will usually be slow. Comparative studies need to shift from closely related, local population differences to those of more distantly related populations or even different species.
Daphnia pulex
Trait
Local adaptation
Stabilizing selection
Maternal effect
Ectotherm
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Daphnia pulex
Pulex
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Daphnia is a genus of small, aquatic, crustaceans, belonging to the Daphniidae family. Daphnia are important components of freshwater food chains. They consuming algae and other small organisms, and in turn being prey for small fish and other carnivorous aquatic animals. Daphnia species are highly polymorphic and are an important component of the zooplankton. 1 548 tests in 1992–2012 in Ukrainian Roztochchya natural region were conducted. 750 species of Daphnia genus were studied. On the basis of analysis of modern literature and own data ecological and morphological characteristics of Daphnia genus and modern systematisation of species of Daphnia genus are presented. 6 species of Daphnia: Daphnia ( Daphnia ) pulex Leydig, 1860; Daphnia ( Daphnia ) longispina (O. F. Müller, 1776); Daphnia ( Daphnia ) hyalina Leydig, 1860; Daphnia ( Daphnia ) cucullata Sars, 1862; Daphnia ( Ctenodaphnia ) magna Straus, 1820; Daphnia ( Ctenodaphnia ) carinata King, 1853 were found. The species of Daphnia belonging to 2 subgenus ( Daphnia and Ctenodaphnia ) and 3 group of species ( Daphnia ( Daphnia ) pulex, Daphnia ( Daphnia ) longispina, Daphnia ( Ctenodaphnia ) similis ) have been defined. Keywords: Daphnia, zooplankton, Cladocera , Ukrainian Roztochya.
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia magna
Pulex
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