Emerging ECG methods for acute coronary syndrome detection: Recommendations & future opportunities
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In accordance with the requirement of waveform auto analysis,the typical waveforms have had fourier transformations from which data are obtainted to form waveform patterns, and further to form typical waveform pattern space. And then, the space pattern recognition method is used to compare the test waveform patterns with the models in the typical waveform space so that the matched degrees are given to the tested waveforms and typical waveforms in terms of disparity degrees whereby determing the types of test waveforms. Also,this paper discusses the application of weighted method of pattern recognition in the test waveforms with noise occured. Finally,the waveform data from practical application are used to carry out analytical tests,indicating that the space pattern recognition method has the better performances in waveform analysis.
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Reproduced waveform with thin film magnetic heads, distortions (wiggles) of reproduced waveform are sometimes observed. In this study, a method for extracting wiggles from reproduced waveform was devised, and wiggle behavior was studied. Extracted wiggles were in pulse width from 40 to 80 ns, in amplitude from 10 to 30μV, and their locations during reproduced waveform were shifted by and external magnetic field, but wiggle width and amplitude were not affected. After write operation, wiggle pulse width and amplitude changed; however, the area under the extracted pulse was verified constant. Peakshifts of reproduced waveform increased when wiggles came close to the peak of the reproduced waveform, and wiggle amplitude increased.
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Accuracy of waveform aware delay calculation approaches in STA tools require selection of an appropriate driver waveform during library characterization. The optimal waveform shape is dependent on process corner, voltage, temperature, parasitics and also the properties of the transistors involved. Traditionally used ramp waveform is not suitable for accuracy particularly at lower voltages and temperatures. Identification of waveform shape across a wide range of operating corners and for different transistor types can involve significant cost in terms of resources and time. This paper discusses an efficient approach for finding the driver waveform for library characterization. It also enlists the factors that influence the waveform shape and the related careabouts during the waveform identification process. Lastly, it proposes an approach to reduce the run-time and resources used to get the optimal characterization waveform at all operating corners.
Identification
Parasitic extraction
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Application of optimization principle was employed to evaluate the parameter of nanosecond pulse signal measurement system by input waveform and output waveform. Input waveform was reconstructed from the output waveform. The calculated results agree with analysis and experiment results well. To test suitability of the methods, compared with waveform from integrator, the reconstructed waveform has better performance and accuracy.
Nanosecond
SIGNAL (programming language)
Arbitrary waveform generator
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In 2008 the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) offered an ideal contact current waveform as the IEC specified waveform, while there have never been new requirements based on it for the calibration waveform. In this paper, a calculation method is proposed to quantitatively evaluate to what extent the contact discharge waveform from an ESD generator deviates from the IEC specified waveform. The energy ratio of the difference waveform between the contact discharge waveform and the IEC specified waveform to the IEC specified waveform energy is used as an index of waveform quality, and the relationship is shown between the waveform quality and waveform parameters of the standard requirement adding "60% time width of first peak" and "falling depth", not in the requirement but newly introduced. The energy ratios are calculated for the measured contact discharge currents from different eight models of ESD generators and the measured air discharge currents from an ESD generator in a hot and humid environment, which were conducted in our previous studies. The results show that even if the contact discharge waveforms from the ESD generators meet all the IEC requirements, the energy ratio increases according to the generated ringing after the first peak and the resulting waveform quality degrades, but the ringing tends to be reduced and the waveform quality is improved when the ESD generators provide the time width of 60%t peak and falling depth closer to those of the IEC specified waveform. For the air-discharge waveforms that are not subject to the calibration standard, the energy ratios of the waveforms that meet all the IEC requirements are smaller than those of the contact discharge waveforms from the same type of the ESD generator, and the energy ratios of the waveforms that do not meet the first peak requirement are comparable to those of the contact discharge waveforms from the ESD generators. In the air discharge waveform, as with the contact discharges, it is confirmed that the wider the 60% time width of the first peak and the shallower the falling depth, the lower the energy ratio and the better the waveform quality. Future work is to clarify the mechanism how come the time width of 60% peak and falling depth improve the waveform quality of contact discharge and air discharge currents from the ESD generators.
Ringing
Arbitrary waveform generator
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Beat (acoustics)
PR interval
Heart beat
U wave
RR interval
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The biphasic waveform has greater defibrillation efficacy than the monophasic waveform. Yet, the optimal type of biphasic defibrillation waveform is still unknown. Our objective was to compare the defibrillation efficacy of three morphologically different biphasic waveforms (named as truncated exponential waveform, modified Zoll waveform, and Gurvich waveform) in an isolated Langendorff perfused rabbit heart. Optical potential mapping techniques were used. The result showed that the Gurvich waveform has the lowest defibrillation threshold (DFT). A multiple comparison test showed that there is a significant difference of DFTs between the modified Zoll waveform and Gurvich waveform (mean/spl plusmn/SE: 0.31/spl plusmn/0.03 J and 0.25/spl plusmn/0.02 J, p<0.02). We also examined the change of membrane potential caused by shocks. The result showed an homogeneous response for different waveforms.
Defibrillation threshold
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Comparison was made of the effects of lateral and sternal recumbent positions for recording (by electrocardiography) cardiac functions in nonanesthetized normal cats of various breeds and ages and both sexes. Reference values of the cats in lateral recumbency were P wave, 0.2 mV by 0.04 s; PR interval, 0.09 s, QRS complex, 0.9 mV by 0.04 s; QT interval, 0.18 s; and 0 to 160 degree axis. Similar values were obtained in the cats in sternal recumbency except that the height of the P wave was 0.3 mV, the height of QRS complex was 1.0 mV, and the axis was -10 degrees to 150 degrees. The only differences between these values and values previously reported were faster heart rate, higher P wave, narrower QRS complex, and more variable electrical axis.
PR interval
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First, the relation between MFM output and head output waveforms from perpendicular magnetic printed media was clarified. Next, the MFM output waveforms from magnetically printed and head-recorded media were compared by using metal-evaporated (ME) tape as a slave medium. The MFM output waveform corresponds very closely with the head output waveform, and it appears that the MFM output is similar to the perpendicular component of the stray field. In the case of a long bit length, the bit-printing (BP) waveform is similar to the head-recording (HR) waveform, while the edge-printing (EP) waveform is significantly different from the HR waveform. On the other hand, in the case of a short bit length, the BP, EP, and HR waveforms are all sinusoidal, but the phase of the EP waveform is 90° shifted from the HR waveform, while the BP waveform is almost identical to the HR waveform.
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