The Bohai Bay Basin: A super basin in eastern China
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Abstract:
The Bohai Bay Basin in Eastern China is a super basin with estimated petroleum endowment of 202.91 × 108t oil and 31.97 × 1011m3 gas resources. Similar with other super basins, the Bohai Bay Basin has all the components to form the world's super basin, including two sets of high-quality source rocks in combination with stacking of multiple potential reservoirs. The Bohai Bay Basin experienced multi stages of uplift and subsidence since the Paleozoic period, examinations of the development of effective source rocks, reservoirs and hydrocarbon accumulation models are critical for understanding the formation of such a huge hydrocarbon- rich superimposed basin. The two sets of source rocks developed in the Upper Paleozoic Carboniferous-Permian (C-P) and Cenozoic Eocene formations, respectively. The C-P coal measures with coals and mudstones were preserved unevenly in the Bohai Bay Basin, after experiencing different degrees of erosions during the uplift stages. The C-P coal measures experienced three stages of hydrocarbon generation, and the last stage in the late Cenozoic period was effective without subsequent uplift. The Eocene lacustrine mudstones and shales, with thickness of thousands of meters, served as high-quality source rocks and provided most of the hydrocarbons discovered in the Bohai Bay Basin. Multi sets of clastic rocks developed in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations in the Bohai Bay Basin, and formed three types of reservoirs including shallow buried clastic reservoirs with dominating primary pores, moderately- deeply buried clastic reservoirs with dominating primary pores, and moderately-deeply buried clastic reservoirs with dominating secondary pores in the Bohai Bay Basin. With various combination of the source rocks and reservoir rocks after extensive tectonic reconstruction, different types of hydrocarbon accumulations developed orderly in the superimposed basin, and formed the large amount of different hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin. Note: This paper was accepted into the Technical Program but was not presented at IMAGE 2022 in Houston, Texas.Bay mud
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To illustrate the characteristics of marine environment in coastal waters of stationary fisheries, field observations were carried out in August and November, 2001. Water temperatures in Jindong Bay compared with those in Masan Bay were about higher in August and about in November. Salinities were lowest in the western part of Jindong Bay. It was found that salinity increased gradually from the western part of Jindong Bay to Masan Bay. Sea water in Masan Bay can be characterised as lower temperature and higher salinity, compared with those in Jindong Bay. Concentrations of suspended solids in the inner parts of Jindong Bay were higher than 15mg/L in August. Suspended solids in both regions of Jindong Bay and Masan Bay showed contrastive distributions, especially in November. That is, higher concentrations of suspended solids were found in the inner parts of Jindong Bay and off Masan Bay. Concentration of chemical oxygen demand in Masan Bay was highest, 7mg/L.
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Mobile Bay is a shallow, micro-tidal estuary in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The Bay receives the 4 th largest river discharge in the continental United States of America. The large river discharge results in strong water column stratification not only inside the Bay but on the inner shelf adjoining the Bay. This paper presents two cases that highlight the importance of stratification in the tidal Mobile Bay system on: (1) vertical mixing in the shallow inner portion of the Bay and (2) salt exchange with the Gulf through the Bay mouth.
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To understand the pattern of sedimentation rates as fundamental physical parameter of coastal environment, the 210Pb dating method was applied to core samples collected from Kagoshima Bay, Southwestern Japan. The sedimentation rate varied at each location within the bay (0.08–0.30 g·cm−2·y−1), and the rate at the bay-head area was less than that at the centre of the bay. The inventory of ex210Pb has a lower value in the bay-head area. The low ex210Pb inventory at Stn.5' is considered to be due to physical, and chemical conditions in the bay-head area.
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