Effects of negative life events on depression in middle school students: The chain-mediating roles of rumination and perceived social support
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Negative life events in middle school students have a significant impact on depression. However, the mechanism of this association is not fully understood. This study used rumination and perceived social support as mediating variables to explore the influence of negative life events on depression.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing, a convenient sampling method was adopted to collect information about middle school students in Shandong Province by means of online questionnaire. Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List, Ruminative Responses Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale and Children's Depression Inventory were used. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were conducted for four variables of middle school students, including life events, depression, rumination thinking and perceived social support, and the chain mediated effect was tested by using process plug-in. All statistically analysis was conducted by SPSS 23.0.493 middle school students (16.7000 ± 0.9500 years) including 343 female students (69.6000%) from Shandong Province recruited. Results showed that the total effect between life events and depression was significant (effect = 0.2535, 95%CI: 0.2146, 0.2924). The total indirect effect was significant (effect = 0.1700, 95%CI: 0.1349, 0.2072). The indirect effect was significant (effect = 0.0988, 95%CI: 0.0741, 0.1252) with rumination as the mediating variable. The indirect effect of pathway with perceived social support as the mediating variable was significant (effect = 0.0476, 95%CI: 0.0295, 0.0674). The indirect effect of pathway with rumination and perceived social support as mediating variables was also significant (effect = 0.0236, 95%CI: 0.0147, 0.0339).This study indicated that ruminant thinking and perceived social support had a significant chain mediating effect on adolescents' life events and depression. Life events can not only directly affect depressive emotions, but also indirectly affect depressive emotions by affecting ruminant thinking and perceived social support. The results of this study not only provide new directions for the relationship between life events and depression, but also provide possible approaches for future prevention and intervention of depression in middle school students.Keywords:
Depression
The present investigation employed a meta-analysis of 179 correlational studies and 37 clinical group comparison studies to examine the association between rumination and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Meta-analytic correlations revealed moderate associations between rumination and symptoms of anxiety and depression that were strongest for brooding and emotion-driven rumination. Symptoms of anxiety and depression also had significant independent effects on overall rumination and emotion-driven rumination. However, worry partially accounted for the associations of both depression and anxiety with rumination. Those with mood and anxiety disorders also reported more rumination than controls, an effect that was amplified by increased comorbidity. Those with mood disorders reported significantly more rumination than those with anxiety disorders. The implications of these findings for a transdiagnostic view of rumination are discussed.
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Depression
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Affect
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To examine the role of rumination in the aftermath of traumatic/stressful events, posttraumatic growth (PTG) and the four types of rumination (i.e., intrusive rumination soon after the event, intrusive rumination recently, deliberate rumination soon after the event, and deliberate rumination recently) were assessed retrospectively for participants from the USA (N=224) and Japan (N=431). The results from a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the hypothesized relationships among the four types of rumination and PTG were largely supported. Intrusive rumination soon after the event was positively related to PTG but recent deliberate rumination most strongly predicted the current levels of PTG for both samples. Some evidence for cultural differences in the role of rumination in PTG was also observed. In the US sample, deliberate rumination recently was more important than the deliberate rumination in the immediate aftermath of the traumatic/stressful event, whereas in the Japanese sample, deliberate rumination both soon after and recently were positively related to PTG. The results illustrate the importance of considering rumination as multidimensional and as varying across time in its impact on PTG. Future directions and clinical implications were discussed.
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Automatic rumination measuring can be applied as a health indicator in dairy farming but is also highly desirable for research purposes. This study aimed to validate the technical functionality of the product RuminActTM, which employ acoustics to monitor rumination duration. The time budget of high yielding cows was studied and possible differences in rumination time between 13 rations were interpreted. Further the study examined what affects daily rumination and rumination efficiency.
The validation was performed with direct observations that were compared to the automatically recorded rumination durations. 9 cows in total were studied, in groups of three, during approximately 4,5 h for each group. The time budget study was also conducted with direct observations and covered a total of 24 h and 9 cows. Automatically
registered data was used to investigate which parameters affects daily rumination time and rumination efficiency.
RuminActTM appears to be a useful tool that makes rumination time available as an easy obtained parameter for research purposes as well as health indicator for dairy farming. The present study showed that the equipment only underestimates rumination time with 1,86 % on average, although the standard deviation totalled 6,57 %. Observations of the time budget showed that the cows in this study probably are not suffering from any time
constraint since they seem able to perform their behavioural needs in sufficient amounts and no stereotypical behaviours were observed. Significant differences in rumination duration were found between rations although the causes of these variations were difficult to determine, probably due to problems with feed intake registrations. Prolonged daily rumination was positively correlated with higher milk yield and long daily rumination was also positively correlated with extended the inter-cycle periods.
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Aim of this research was to describe some aspects regarding the position adopted by lactating dairy cows during rumination process. Researches were carried out on 20 multiparous Romanian Black and White cows, housed in total confinement in a tied stanchion barn. Cows were in their first 100 days of lactation. During current study the rumination position adopted by cows (lying or standing) and time spent ruminating was registered (by means of total duration, time length of a rumination period and number of ruminating periods) per 24 h and on day segments. Position adopted by cows while ruminating was compared between summer and winter seasons, using video material recorded using a professional system CC9622BIR with four channels and a capacity of 125 frames per second. During winter season, cows spent ruminating per 24 h on average 186.35 minutes (3.10 hours) in standing position and 324.05 (5.40 hours) minutes while lying. In the summer season, cows adopted standing position during the rumination process on average 225.35 minutes (3.75 hours) and 176.45 (2.94 hours) minutes while lying down. Season had little influence on the standing position during rumination (39 minutes, p>0.05), but influenced significantly the lying down time during rumination (147.60 minutes, p0.001).
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Abstract Objectives Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been successfully applied to persons with dementia (PwD) and their caregivers and may yield beneficial effects on depression and quality of life. However, due to inconsistent results, it may be beneficial to re-examine mindfulness in PwD cross-sectionally to identify further potential therapeutic target variables. Rumination, the maladaptive disposition to excessively think about causes and consequences of symptoms and negative mood, may represent such a target. The current study sought to confirm the validity of trait rumination and the antagonistic relationship between mindfulness, rumination, and depression in PwD and their caregivers, as this may qualify rumination as a potential process and outcome variable in future MBIs. Method Forty patients with mild dementia completed a neuropsychological examination and provided self-report data on trait mindfulness, depression, and rumination. Self-report measures were also obtained from 30 caregivers. Regression analyses were used to examine the relation between mindfulness, depression, and rumination. We used clinical cutoffs for depression and rumination to estimate the practical implications of the opposing relationships between these variables. Results For PwD, mindfulness was significantly negatively correlated with depression and rumination, explaining 37% and 25% of variance, respectively. In PwD with low mindfulness scores, clinical depression and rumination syndromes occurred more frequently than in those with high mindfulness. Caregiver results were compatible. Conclusion Mindfulness shows an antagonistic relationship with clinically relevant rumination in PwD. Rumination may represent a relevant clinical outcome variable for future MBIs that can be reliably measured in PwD through validated self-report measures. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.
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Brooding rumination is positively associated with symptoms of both depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, non-clinical cross-cultural research indicates that culture may influence these associations. This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of cultural group (Australian versus Malaysian) on the associations between brooding rumination and symptoms of depression and PTSD. European Australians (n = 109) and Malaysians of varying Asian heritages (n = 144) completed an online questionnaire containing the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PTSD checklist for DSM-5 and the Ruminative Response Scale-Short Form. First, Malaysian participants had higher brooding rumination than Australian participants. Second, higher levels of brooding rumination were positively associated with depression and PTSD symptom severity. Third, contrary to our expectations, cultural group did not moderate the relationships between brooding rumination and symptoms of depression and PTSD. If replicable, these results suggest that existing assessment and treatment approaches that target brooding rumination may apply to Malaysian individuals with depression and PTSD.
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A model showing the relationship between cognitive control, ruminative responses, and depression was developed to examine the effects of cognitive control on ruminative responses and depression. Cognitive control is considered important for ruminating without getting depressed. The model was examined through Structural Equation Modeling in university students (N=248). The results suggested that among ruminative responses, negative rumination and self-focused rumination increased depression, whereas problem-solving rumination reduced depression. Moreover, mitigation of catastrophic rumination suppressed negative rumination and self-focused rumination, leading to problem-solving rumination. Furthermore, analysis of thoughts and behaviors, which are the starting points of the model, facilitated mitigation of catastrophic rumination, self-focused rumination, and problem-solving rumination. Based on the above, it is suggested important to acquire self-efficacy in cognitive control.
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