Quantification of rosmarinic acid from different plant species of lower Himalayan region and expression analysis of underlying L‐Phenylalanine pathway
Muhammad Haris MugheesMuhammad Asad FarooqIhsan ul HaqIftikhar ZebMuhammad AliZahoor HussainIrum ShahzadiMohammad Maroof Shah
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This study adopts a very effective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique for the quantitative determination of rosmarinic acid (RA) and PCR-based amplification of biosynthetic key regulators in Isodon rugosus, Daphne mucronata, and Viburnum grandiflorum from the lower Himalayan regions. Rosmarinic acid is engaged in a variety of biological processes and has significant industrial significance. In this study, it was identified from crude methanolic extract using thin-layer chromatography with a standard, and its content was quantified using HPLC without interrupting spikes using a mixture of methanol and deionized water containing acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) and acetic acid (0.1% v/v) at UV 310 nm absorption. We used RT-PCR to identify cDNAs encoding PAL, C4H, and RAS, and Image J's semi-quantitative analysis to quantify the expression levels of genes involved in RA production from chosen plant material. The highest levels of PAL, C4H, and RAS were detected, by band intensity, in the leaves and flowers of I. rugosus, which also exhibited a substantial quantity of RA. However, in V. grandiflorum and D. mucronata the transcript of the given genes was low. The concentration of RA ranged from 187.7 to 21.2 mg g-1 for I. rugosus, 17.42 to 5.42 mg g-1 for V. grandiflorum, and 15.19 mg g-1 for D. mucronata. This study demonstrated that the method for quantifying RA from a crude methanolic extract was effective, indicating that I. rugosus might be used as an indigenous alternative source of RA.Keywords:
Rosmarinic acid
A simple and rapid determination method for nitazoxanide (NTZ), an antiprotozoal agent, was developed using reverse-phase HPLC and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography™ (UPLC™). Only six minutes gradient condition for NTZ analysis using UPLC was achieved. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and acetonitrile. The repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD), n = 6) and the correlation coefficient from linearity (the range from 80% to 120% of amount) were 0.25% and 0.9963 for UPLC and 0.15% and 0.9988 for HPLC, respectively. The quantitative values of NTZ in tablets were 103.2% for HPLC and 98.7% for UPLC. The RSDs of quantitative values of sample solution were calculated to be 4.06% to 4.64% for HPLC and 0.15% to 0.36% for UPLC.
Nitazoxanide
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Phosphate buffered saline
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Chromatographic techniques were used to prepare rosmarinic acid rich extract from Orthosiphon aristatus. Such extract is highly required for herbal product development because of its remarkable bioactivities. Therefore, the plant crude extract was fractionated using solvent mixture, ethyl acetate and ethanol in column chromatography. The solvent system was developed using thin layer chromatography. The results found that 60-99.9% ethyl acetate in ethanol could separate rosmarinic acid with the retention factor (Rf) ranged from 0.2–0.3. Of the solvent systems, 70% ethyl acetate could produce the highest yield of rosmarinic acid, 4.5% w/w with 100% purity. The concentration of rosmarinic acid was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography integrated with tandem mass spectrometry. The subsequent combined fractions could recover 70% of total rosmarinic acid from crude extract. The bed height of the silica gel packed column increased from 16 to 24 and 32 cm did not affect the performance of rosmarinic acid elution in column chromatography. The silica gel absorbent could be repeatedly used up to five times to recover rosmarinic acid from crude extract. Column chromatography can be used to recover rosmarinic acid (>85%) using the binary solvent system (70% ethyl acetate:30% ethanol) effectively.
Rosmarinic acid
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Norisoboldine is an alkaloid and has been identified as the major active component in Linderae Radix. A novel method for quantitative analysis of norisoboldine in Linderae Radix using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with UV detection was developed for quality control. A similar and conventional HPLC protocol was simultaneously developed for comparison purposes. Chromatographic separation of norisoboldine was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm ID, 1.7 µm) for UPLC and on a Waters X-Bridge C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm ID, 5.0 µm) for HPLC. In the UPLC method, the average recovery was 97.3% (n = 9, RSD 1.1%); the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.151 and 0.302 ng, respectively. In the HPLC method, the average recovery was 98.9% (n = 9, RSD 1.7%); the LOD and LOQ were 1.51 and 3.02 ng, respectively. The UPLC method provided a shorter analysis time, a better sensitivity in detection and quantitation, and less solvent was used in comparing to the HPLC method. The amount of norisoboldine detected in each Linderae Radix sample from different sources were in good agreement in both HPLC and UPLC methods.
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Three methods employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and gas chromatography (GC) were developed for the separation of enantiomers of rosmarinic acid (RA). Chiral resolution of underivatized RA was achieved on a chiral AGP® HPLC column and by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC). Alternatively, after derivatization, the resulting diastereomeric 3,4-di-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (-)-menthyl esters were separated by non-chiral GC. These methods allow reliable and rapid determination of the enantiomeric ratio of RA samples. RA obtained from vegetative material of Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae) was determined to be (R)-(+)-RA. In contrast to published data, the optical rotation value of rosmarinic acid was found to be +106°.
Rosmarinic acid
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Sephadex
Indole-3-acetic acid
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A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of salviaflaside and rosmarinic acid in rat plasma. Sample preparation was carried out through liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate using curculigoside as internal standard (IS). The analytes were determined by selected reaction monitoring operated in the positive ESI mode. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, 1.8 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol-water-formic acid (50:50:0.1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The run time was 1.9 min per sample and the injection volume was 5 μL. The method had an LLOQ of 1.6 ng/mL for salviaflaside and 0.94 ng/mL for rosmarinic acid in plasma. The linear calibration curves were fitted over the range of 1.6-320 ng/mL for salviaflaside and 0.94-188 ng/mL for rosmarinic acid in plasma with correlation coefficients (r2 ) >0.99. Intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation) were < 13.5%, and accuracies (relative error) were between -8.6% and 14.5% for all quality control samples. The method was validated and applied to the pharmacokinetics of salviaflaside and rosmarinic acid in plasma after oral administration of Prunella vulgaris extract to rats.
Rosmarinic acid
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Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
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ChemInform Abstract: Hydration of Nitriles to Amides Promoted by Mercury(II) Acetate in Acetic Acid.
Abstract The nitriles (I) are converted into the carboxylic amides (II) by treatment with mercury(II) acetate in boiling acetic acid in the presence of water.
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