Multigenerational effects of neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin) on growth, fertility and motility of nematode <i>C. elegans</i>
Yuko SakaguchiSaki MikamiNaoko IkomaSadahiro KawazoeMasaya UchidaNobuaki TominagaKoji ArizonoNobuhiro Ichikawa
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Abstract:
Neonicotinoids are potent agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that exert insecticidal effects by causing abnormal excitation of the nervous system. Neonicotinoids and their metabolites effect in mammals, including humans, have become a concern. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of chronic exposure of two neonicotinoids, acetamiprid (ACE) and clothianidin (CTD), on Caenorhabditis elegans. We used 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µM solutions of nicotine, ACE, and CTD dissolved in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Bioassays and motility tests, which are neurotoxicity assessments, were performed on the L1‒L2 larvae of wild-type C. elegans. To evaluate the effect of exposure over multiple generations and the correlation between concentrations and generations, the same study was conducted on the second and third generations of the exposed group. The bioassay results showed concentration-dependent adverse effects: body length, maturity rate, and lifetime number of pups decreased for both ACE and CTD for the first generation. In a multi-generation study, the effect intensified with the progression of generations, and the toxicity of both ACE and CTD was cumulative. This effect was more pronounced in breeding studies. The motility test results showed concentration-dependent adverse effects, such as a decrease in the number of behaviors for both ACE and CTD in both tests for the first generation. In a multi-generation study, the effect intensified with the progression of generations, and this effect was more pronounced with ACE exposure. Thus, the chronic exposure to ACE and CTD may cause cross-generational adverse effects, especially on C. elegans reproduction and motion.Keywords:
Clothianidin
Neurotoxicity
Acute toxicity bioassay of copper (Cu) for the freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus was conduct for evaluation of the toxicity. The 96th LC50 values recorded for Cu was 15 ppm, 29 ppm and 35 ppm respectively. The result of this study indicate that the order of toxicity of this heavy metal is Cu in short duration acute toxicity experiments. The toxicity was found to be dependent on dose and duration of experiment for heavy metal.
Clarias
Copper toxicity
Metal Toxicity
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Abstract Among the factors that contribute to the reduction of honeybee populations are the pesticides. These chemical compounds reach the hive through forager bees, and once there, they can be ingested by the larvae. We evaluated the effects of repeated larval exposure to neonicotinoid insecticide, both in isolation and in combination with strobilurin fungicide, at environmentally relevant doses. The total consumption of the contaminated diet was 23.63 ng fungicide/larvae (pyraclostrobin) and 0.2364 ng insecticide/larvae (clothianidin). The effects on post-embryonic development were evaluated over time. Additionally, we assessed the survival pattern of worker bees after emergence, and the pesticides’ effects on the behavior of newly emerged workers and young workers. Young bees that were exposed to the fungicide and those subjected to co-exposure to both pesticides during larval phase showed behavioral changes. The insecticide, both in isolation and in combination with fungicide reduced the bees’ longevity; this effect of larval exposure to pesticides was stronger in bees that were exposed only to the insecticide. Although the larvae did not have sensitivity to exposure to pesticides, they showed later effects after emergence, which may compromise the dynamics of the colony, contributing to the reduction of the populations of bees in agroecosystems.
Clothianidin
Neonicotinoid
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Azadirachtin (AZA)-based pesticides (Neemix and Bioneem) demonstrated toxicity in 48-h nonrenewal toxicity assays using Daphnia pulex at levels that were comparable with several organophosphate pesticides. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for the two neem pesticides were found to be 0.028 and 0.033 microl/ml, respectively. The LC50 value for nonformulated (95% pure) AZA was determined to be 0.382 microg AZA/ml. Neemix and Bioneem were exposed to air and northern sky daylight in a light box at 24 and 37 degrees C for 1, 3, 6, and 9 d. Standard 48-h acute toxicity tests were used to determine the effect of aging in these dry environmental conditions. Neemix and Bioneem were also fractionated into volatile and nonvolatile fractions, and the toxicity of each was tested. Compared with Neemix, Bioneem remained toxic longer when exposed to light and air at 37 degrees C, indicating that this pesticide may be less prone to environmental degradation. When fractionated, the nonvolatile fractions for both pesticides exhibited significantly lower LC50 values than the full formulations. These results suggest that, depending on the application rate and environmental fate, AZA-based pesticides may have direct adverse effects on aquatic organisms and that the toxicity and stability of formulated pesticides depend on factors other than only the AZA concentration.
Daphnia pulex
Azadirachtin
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Toxicity of the pesticide carbofuran (CF) can be alleviated by curcumin, if not for its poor bioavailability. Hence, we investigated the effect of a bioavailable curcumin-galactomannan complex (CGM) on CF-induced neurotoxicity in rats in comparison to that of unformulated standard curcumin (CS). The CF (5 mg/kg b.wt/day) treatment for 90 days produced chronicity model which were treated with either CS or CGM (100 mg/kg b.wt and 250 mg/kg b.wt/day) for another 30 days. Improvement in CF-induced behaviour was evident in endurance, motor co-ordination and pain response on both CS (p < 0.01) and CGM (p < 0.001) supplementation. Amelioration of CF-induced toxicity parameters, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction on CS (p < 0.01) and CGM (p < 0.001) supplementation was further confirmed by histopathology of brain and liver tissues. But, CGM was more effective in mitigating CF toxicity, with results comparable to that of normal. Hence, CGM might be superior in toxicity management against CF.
Neurotoxicity
Carbofuran
Histopathology
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Bioassays were carried out to determine the toxicity of two pesticides, Roundup and Gramoxone on Clarias gariepinus. The acute toxicity of both pesticides decreased towards the end of the bioassay period. The calculated safe concentrations for Roundup and Gramoxone are 0.99 ppm - 0.99 ppm and 0.09 ppm - 0.9 ppm respectively. Histological examination revealed that there were pathological changes in the gills and liver even when the fish were subjected to sub-lethal levels
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Clastogen
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Eisenia fetida
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[Aims]honey bee is one of the most important insects for plant pollination,but the honey bees are underlying the phenomenon of colony collapse disorder(ccD),one of the factors causing this problem is the much use of pesticides in agricultural production.Totally 300 pesticides were tested for their acute oral toxicity to honey bee(Apis mellifera)by dietary method in the paper,the objective of this study is to understand the status of toxicity of common used pesticides.[Results]The results indicated that the pesticides with very high toxicity,high toxicity,moderate toxicity and low toxicity pesticides accounted for 14.7,35.6,10.7,39%respectively,the high toxic and very high toxic pesticide covered more than 50%,and these pesticides were mainly the insecticides,while the fungicides and herbicides with relative low toxicity.The toxicity of different pesticide formulations with the same active ingredients(AI)to zebra fish maybe varied for the difference in Ai content,formulation type and processing technique.regarding to the biological pesticides,some of them still have high toxicity to honeybee.[Conclusions]These results suggested that the pesticides with high toxicity to honey bee covered a large proportion of common used pesticides in china,therefore,some precautions should be involved as we used the pesticides,particularly for insecticides to reduce or avoid the side effects on honey bee.
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Culex pipiens
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