The Occurrence of Mono/Di-Chloropropanols Contaminants in Food Contact Papers and Their Potential Health Risk
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In this study, a targeted analytical method was developed for measuring multiple mono/di-chloropropanols containing 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol(3-MCPD), 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol(2-MCPD), 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol(1,3-DCP), and 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol(2,3-DCP) in food contact papers. This method was demonstrated as an accurate and sensitive technique for detecting multiple chlopropanols with satisfactory recoveries (95.4%-109%), and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were achieved at 2 μg kg -1 , and 6 μg kg -1 , respectively. A total of 126 food contact papers collected in China were investigated for their occurrence and potential health risk. The results indicated chloropropanols were widely detected in water extract of food contact papers, while 50.0% samples were non-compliant with the regulatory limits. Both highest detection frequency and concentration of chloropropanols were observed in kitchen papers where mean concentration of 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP in water extract was 201.9 μg L -1 , and 12.5 μg L -1 , respectively. 3-MPCD and 1,3-MPCD were found to be the predominant chloropropanols with mean concentration of 49.2 μg L -1 and 6.1 μg L -1 in water extract, respectively, while the concentration of 2-MCPD and 2,3-DCP were relatively low. 3-MPCD was significantly responsible for high concentration of chloropropanols at level above 40 μg kg -1 . The estimated daily intake for typical exposure consumer (Mean) and high-exposure consumer (P75, P95) to 3-MCPD are greater than 10% of tolerable daily intake(TDI) establlised by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), suggesting the release of 3-MCPD from food contact papers pose a potential health risk to certain groups of consumers.Keywords:
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Forty samples of milk powder purchased in Uruguay were analysed to assess melamine (MEL) levels. Trichloroacetic acid and acetonitrile were used to extract and precipitate milk proteins previously to clean up of the samples by solid-phase extraction and then were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detection. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)of MEL were 0.006 and 0.019 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Milk was fortified with MEL at three levels, producing average recoveries higher than 83.8%. The values for positive samples ranged from 0.017 to 0.082 mg kg⁻¹. Nine samples were positive. Three of them had concentrations between LOD and LOQ. The mean MEL contamination was 0.028 mg kg⁻¹. Consumption of milk powder containing these levels of MEL does not constitute a health risk for consumers.
Trichloroacetic acid
Food contaminant
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Mercury
Food contaminant
Mercury contamination
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The intake of heavy metals through fruit consumption is a food safety problem that severely impacts the health of consumers; so information about food intake and heavy metal concentrations in food products is required to estimate the potential risk it poses to the health of the population. The aim of this study is to estimate the potential risks caused by heavy metals to human health from exposure to Cd, As, Pb and Hg through the intake of yellow and red apple considering the age group and gender. The concentration of each of the metals was quantified by spectrometry of atomic absorption (AAS) and the health risk indices such as health risk index (HRI), the hazard quotient (THQ) and the probability of carcinogenic risk (CR) through the consumption of apple were estimated. The concentrations of the metals analyzed in the apple samples shows the following decreasing order: Cd > Pb > As and Hg. The health risk assessments obtained from the samples of apples are located within the acceptable and tolerable limits; however, the increase in the intake of heavy metals through consumption of apples purchased from the study area may increase the health risk potential of consumers. For this reason, it is recommended to carry out studies on the concentration of heavy metals in various fruits products, mainly those of high demand, to guarantee food security of the population.
Hazard quotient
Health Risk Assessment
Food contaminant
Tolerable daily intake
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Several biological contaminants, such as microorganisms and parasites, can be found in food and affect the health of consumers. The demand for minimally processed foods is increasing, including fruit salads that are sold by street vendors. The objective of this research was to evaluate microorganisms, parasites, and nonbiological contaminants in minimally processed fruit salads sold by street vendors. Fifty fruit salad samples marketed by different street vendors were randomly collected. Presence of Salmonella spp. was found in 2% of the samples. High number of microorganisms of the coliform group was found; Escherichia coli was found in 10% of the samples, growth of coagulase-positive staphylococcus was found in 14% of the samples, and molds and yeasts in the samples ranged from 3.77 to 7.78 log10CFU g-1. No parasites or nonbiological contaminants were found in any sample analyzed. The salad samples presented microbial contamination and represent risks to the health of the consumers due to the possibility of transmitting pathogenic microorganisms of importance to public health.
Food contaminant
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Food contaminant
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Contamination of heavy metals in certain levels of food can disrupt human health. Heavy metals have toxic properties, cannot be overhauled or destroyed by living organisms, can accumulate in the body of organisms including humans, either directly or indirectly. Heavy metal Hg, Cd, Cr is a very toxic metals (can result in death or health problems that are not recovered in a short time), while heavy metal Co, Pb, Cu toxicity is moderate (can lead to both recoverable and non-recoverable health problems in a relatively long time). Hence the heavy metal contaminating the food must be eliminated or reduced to a safe level. One effort was use coriander leaves to reduce the contamination of heavy metals in fish/shellfish. The objective of the research was to prove the extract of coriander leaves can reduce heavy metal contamination of Pb, Hg and Cu in rod shellfish (lorjuk). The treatment of this research was long soaking in coriander leaves extract that were 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The results showed that the longer time of soaking can decrease Pb level from 4.4 ± 0.424 ppb to 1.7 ± 0.5 ppb, Hg level from 4.11± 0.07 to 1.12± 0.6 ppb, and Cu level from 433.7 ± 0.1 ppb to 117 ± 0.78 ppb. Protein content not significant decrease in rod shellfish (lorjuk) after 90 minutes soaking time, that was from 28.56 ± 0.403% to 26,625 ± 0.19%.
Coriandrum
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A survey of microbial contamination on the edible ice in Nanning catering trades was conducted in order to improve the hygienic quality of the edible ice and ensure consumers' health. 44 samples of edible ice,raw water and filtrated water were randomly collected while the sanitary condition of ice-making machine and surroundings was investigated as well. Samples were tested and evaluated according to the Hygiene Standard for Freezing Foods(GB 2759.1—2003). Only 22 (50%)samples were up to standard out of the 44 random samples.The situation of microbial contamination on edible ice in Nanning catering trades is serious, certain measures of hygienic management must be taken strongly.
Ice cream
Water ice
Food contaminant
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Dry fruits and nuts are nutritious foods with several health-promoting properties. However, they are prone to contamination with aflatoxins at all stages of production and storage. The present study aimed to determine the natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), and total aflatoxins (AFT) in dates, pistachios, and walnuts collected from four districts of South Punjab (Pakistan), and to assess the associated health risks as estimated by dietary exposure and the Margin of Exposure (MoE) determinations. The contents of AFB1 and AFT in these food products were monitored during storage under three different conditions (open-air, hermetically closed jars, and refrigeration at 4 °C) to determine the most efficient conditions in preventing aflatoxin accumulation. HPLC-fluorescence analysis of 60 samples of these products for aflatoxin contamination showed that 52 (86.7%) samples were contaminated at different levels, with a maximum of 24.2 ng/g. The overall (all samples) mean concentrations of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFT were 3.39 ± 2.96, 1.39 ± 1.68, 1.63 ± 1.48. 1.12 ± 1.23, and 7.54 ± 6.68, respectively. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and MoE of aflatoxins through the consumption of the products ranged from 0.06 ng/kg bw/day to 2.0 ng/kg bw/day and from 84.84 to 2857.13, respectively, indicating that consumers are at high health risk. Significant differences were recorded between aflatoxin levels in the samples stored under different storage conditions, with storage under refrigeration (4 °C) being the most effective in controlling aflatoxin accumulation, although storage in closed jars was also efficient and offers a more flexible alternative to retailers. The findings of the study urge official authorities of Pakistan to implement appropriate regulatory and control measures and surveillance program to alleviate the potential public health risks associated with the consumption of dry fruits and nuts in the scope of their increased consumption.
Food contaminant
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Forty samples of milk powder purchased in Uruguay were analysed to assess melamine (MEL) levels. Trichloroacetic acid and acetonitrile were used to extract and precipitate milk proteins previously to clean up of the samples by solid-phase extraction and then were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detection. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)of MEL were 0.006 and 0.019 mg kg−1, respectively. Milk was fortified with MEL at three levels, producing average recoveries higher than 83.8%. The values for positive samples ranged from 0.017 to 0.082 mg kg−1. Nine samples were positive. Three of them had concentrations between LOD and LOQ. The mean MEL contamination was 0.028 mg kg−1. Consumption of milk powder containing these levels of MEL does not constitute a health risk for consumers.
Trichloroacetic acid
Food contaminant
Solid phase extraction
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