Plume Generated by Different Electrosurgical Techniques: An In Vitro Experiment on Human Skin
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Plume generated by electrosurgical techniques is a health hazard to patients and dermatologists.To compare the particle concentration generated by various energy devices used in dermatologic surgery.Five surgical techniques were tested on human tissue samples in a closed chamber. A particle counter, positioned at a fixed point 20 cm away from the sample, recorded the concentrations of aerosolized particles generated over 7 particle sizes (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 μm).Monopolar electrocoagulation created the greatest concentration of particles followed by electrocautery, electrodesiccation, electrofulguration, and bipolar electrocoagulation. Bipolar electrocoagulation created 80 times fewer 0.3 μm particles and 98 times fewer 0.5 μm particles than monopolar electrocoagulation. Across all electrosurgical techniques, the greatest concentrations of particles generated were of the 0.3 and 0.5 μm particle size.Bipolar electrocoagulation created the lowest concentration of particulate matter. Given the noxious and hazardous nature of surgical plume, the bipolar forceps offer surgeons a safer method of performing electrical surgery for both the surgical staff and the patient.Keywords:
Human skin
The entrainment processes of a rising mantle plume are investigated using high-resolution numerical modelling and analogue laboratory experiments. It is found that the ascending plume is enveloped in a plume sheath that effectively blocks entrainment into the plume core region, indicating that the chemical heterogeneity of plumes is predominantly inherited at the plume source region. Distinct spatial regions within the deep plume source region are preserved as distinct vertical stripes within the plume core. Interaction between the rising plume and sharp viscosity interfaces in the mantle can result in massive distortion and deformation of the plume head as well as the stripping off of the protective plume sheath, leading to a remarkably complex compositional structure of the plume and to increased sampling of specific regions in the mantle through entrainment.
Entrainment (biomusicology)
Mantle plume
Hotspot (geology)
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Water circulation
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Summary CO2 injection into deep saline aquifers for storage is considered as a promising tool for reducing CO2 emissions. To estimate the storage capacity and assess risks associated with CO2 leakage, an accurate understanding of the post-injection migration, spreading and trapping of the mobile plume of CO2 is crucial. We performed a numerical modelling analysis on the migration of an injected CO2 plume into a dipping aquifer subjected to background water flow, and incorporating residual and dissolution trapping of CO2. We described the plume post-injection migration at different periods, the early and late post-injection periods. Our study focuses on the impact of the background water velocity on the early post-injection migration of the plume. We estimate the height, migration distance and velocity of the plume, and the amount of mobile CO2 within the plume to identify how fast and far it migrates. Our results reveal that as the background velocity increases, the plume migrates further up-dip; however, its height decreases with time. This suggests that the mobile CO2 volume decreases in the aquifer for greater background flow velocities, reducing the risk of leakage. Also, the plume decelerates during its vertical migration and accelerates with background flow velocity during its lateral migration.
Leakage (economics)
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A modified simple integral model for plume behavior from finite length line sources of heat and momentum is presented that identifies observed trends in plume trajectory data. Experiments on several finite length line sources of heat and momentum in the form of elevated (rows of stacks) and surface (slot) releases were conducted in a water tunnel. Plume behavior was documented through detailed temperature measurements of the plume cross section and by photographing the dyed plume. Results indicate the nature of any plume trajectory and growth enhancement and confirm the empirical relation for the liftoff distance for a buoyant surface plume given by Meroney (1979). In addition to the liftoff distance, the shape of the plume contact zone was measured and related to various regions of plume trajectory and cross-sectional shape. Plume trajectories from elevated line releases are adequately predicted by standard single source formulations; however, plume cross-sectional area is significantly overpredicted
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Line (geometry)
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The electron density is one of the crucial parameters in plasma plume, which plays a major role in producing the key reactive species required for biological and industrial applications. In this work, experiments are performed to estimate the spatial variation of plasma density in a steady plume. The time-resolved images obtained from the ICCD camera, plume current measurements are utilized for estimating the plasma density. We observed the plasma density increases from the glass nozzle to the plume tip. This increase in plasma density is due to the combined effect of reduction of drift velocity, charge, and area confinement of plume. Further, the intensity plots of the ICCD camera images obtained with larger exposure time validate the increased density at the plume tip. The plasma density along the plume gives information about the approximation to the plume exposure time desired and the impact it creates on the very sensitive targets. The spatial variation of plasma density in a plume is a futuristic requirement for several biological and industrial applications considering a single plasma device.
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Ozone production efficiency (OPE) of ship plume was first evaluated in this study, based on ship-plume photochemical/dynamic model simulations and the ship-plume composition data measured during the ITCT 2K2 (Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002) aircraft campaign. The averaged instantaneous OPEs (OPE(i)‾) estimated via the ship-plume photochemical/dynamic modeling for the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume ranged between 4.61 and 18.92, showing that the values vary with the extent of chemical evolution (or chemical stage) of the ship plume and the stability classes of the marine boundary layer (MBL). Together with OPE(i)‾, the equivalent OPEs (OPE(e)‾) for the entire ITCT 2K2 ship-plume were also estimated. The OPE(e)‾ values varied between 9.73 (for the stable MBL) and 12.73 (for the moderately stable MBL), which agreed well with the OPE(e)‾ of 12.85 estimated based on the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume observations. It was also found that both the model-simulated and observation-based OPE(e)‾ inside the ship-plume were 0.29-0.38 times smaller than the OPE(e)‾ calculated/measured outside the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume. Such low OPEs insides the ship plume were due to the high levels of NO and non-liner ship-plume photochemistry. Possible implications of this ship-plume OPE study in the global chemistry-transport modeling are also discussed.
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Line (geometry)
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Scavenging
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Biogeochemical Cycle
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The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) recently installed an interceptor system consisting of four wells, evenly divided between two well fields, to contain the Northwest Plume. As stated in the Northwest Plume Record of Decision (ROD), groundwater will be pumped at a rate to reduce further contamination and initiate control of the northwest contaminant plume. The objective of this evaluation was to determine the optimum (minimal) well field pumping rates required for plume hotspot containment. Plume hotspot, as defined in the Northwest Plume ROD and throughout this report, is that portion of the plume with trichloroethene (TCE) concentrations greater than 1,000 {micro}g/L. An existing 3-dimensional groundwater model was modified and used to perform capture zone analyses of the north and south interceptor system well fields. Model results suggest that the plume hotspot is not contained at the system design pumping rate of 100 gallons per minute (gal/min) per well field. Rather, the modeling determined that north and south well field pumping rates of 400 and 150 gal/min, respectively, are necessary for plume hotspot containment. The difference between the design and optimal pumping rates required for containment can be attributed to the discovery of a highly transmissive zone in the vicinity of the two well fields.
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Containment (computer programming)
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