Uterine Inflammatory Response After Prostaglandin E1 (Misoprostol) Infusion Prebreeding or Immediately After Embryo Flushing in Commercial Donor Mares
G AmorimLorenzo SegabinazziOdilon Marquez de OliveiraSimone PerecmanisRodrigo Arruda de OliveiraIgor F. Canisso
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Summary The uteri of 22 Holstein heifers were monitored during 58 interovulatory intervals by transrectal ultrasonographic imaging. The ultrasonographic appearance of the uterus was influenced by the stage of the estrous cycle. Profound changes in characteristics visualized by ultrasonography included thickness of the uterine body, ultrasonographic evidence of edema, and accumulation of intravaginal and intrauterine fluids. Scores representing intravaginal fluid, intrauterine fluid, ultrasonographic texture, and number of gray-scale zones (comprising the image of the uterus) increased before ovulation, then decreased until approximately day 3 to day 6 (ovulation = day 0). The scores for uterine shape and number of cross sections of a uterine horn in one 5-MHz field began to increase before ovulation, reached a high plateau during the period associated with maximal progesterone production, and decreased before the time associated with estrus and ovulation.
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A potential source of fertility loss in mares is oviductal dysfunction, potentially caused by masses or debris in the lumen, that may prevent either sperm from reaching the fertilization site or the embryo from reaching the uterus. Recently a novel therapeutic method leading to increased pregnancy results was described by infusing misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1, in the uterus of mares with unexplained fertility problems. In this study, we aimed, after examining the compatibility of misoprostol with semen, to evaluate the pregnancy rate after routine preovulatory deep uterine horn application of misoprostol in clinically normal oestrous mares, which were inseminated in the same cycle. In experiment 1, ejaculates of 10 stallions diluted with INRA 96™ were mixed with different concentrations of misoprostol (0.01 mg/mL, 0.001 mg/mL, 0.0001 mg/mL, and 0.00001 mg/mL) and total semen motility was evaluated immediately, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h later, and compared with a control sample (mixed with NaCl 0.9%). In experiments 2 and 3, 33 privately-owned clinically normal oestrous mares were each allocated to a treatment or control group. Ovulation was then induced with intramuscularly 2.25 mg deslorelin acetate. At the moment of ovulation induction (experiment 2) and 24 h earlier (experiment 3), 0.2 mg misoprostol diluted in 2 mL NaCl 0.9% were applied deep in the uterine horn (treatment groups) and pure 2 mL NaCl 0.9% in the mares of the control groups. Mares were then inseminated 24 h after deslorelin administration and prior to ovulation with commercial chilled-warmed or frozen-thawed semen, as well as immediately after ovulation detection (both types of semen) maximally 48 h after ovulation induction. In experiment 1, regardless of time and compared with the control groups, all solutions with different concentrations of misoprostol had a negative effect on total motility of semen, which was significant for the highest concentrations (0.01 mg/mL: 18.0% reduction, CI = 22-13%, p = < 0.01). We found no beneficial effect of preovulatory uterine treatment with misoprostol on pregnancy rate (OR = 0.45, CI = 0.15-1.31, p = 0.14): in experiment 2, 2/11 (18.2%) mares of the treatment group became pregnant vs. 12/22 (54.5%) mares in the control group (OR = 0.19, CI = 0.03-1.06, p = 0.07), in experiment 3, 5/14 (35.7%) mares in the treatment group vs. 7/19 (36.8%) mares in the control group (OR = 0.95, CI = 0.23-4.02, p = 0.95), respectively. In conclusion, pregnancy rate was not increased in reproductively normal mares with routine preovulatory deep uterine horn application of misoprostol.
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The pattern of egg expulsion/retention was determined in rabbits 24 h after transfer of eggs to the uterus 24-84 h p.c. Nearly all eggs transferred at 24 or 36 h p.c. were expelled into the vagina but from 36 h onwards an increasing proportion was retained in utero, although maximum retention was not recorded until 76-84 h p.c. In rabbits in which both uterine horns were ligated before egg transfer at 12-48 h p.c., egg development was evaluated 24 or 72 h later, or at term. Practically all eggs transferred at 12 or 24 h perished within 3 days; however, from transfers at 36 h 25% of eggs implanted with 40% survival to term, and further improvement in endometrial receptivity occurred by 48 h. These findings reveal a clear time difference between limitations imposed by endometrial and myometrial function on egg development. Limited attempts to create more favourable uterine conditions by means of progesterone treatment were unsuccessful.
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Abstract The pattern of transport and distribution of rabbit embryos in the oviduct and uterus was studied 15 to 168 hours post coitum ( p. c. ). The reproductive tract was frozen in liquid nitrogen, thawed, and cleared in benzyl‐benzoate solution using Orsini's technique. The location of the eggs and the ampullary‐isthmic junction were identified using transmitted light from a dissecting microscope. Accumulation of the eggs in the oviduct occured in two phases. In the first phase the eggs were retained above the ampullaryisthmic junction, 3–12 hours after ovulation. In the second phase, the eggs were retained 36–60 hours after ovulation, above the uterotubal junction (at a distance approximately 12 % of the oviductal length). The rate of transport of individual eggs in the oviduct, and the time of the entry of eggs into the uterus were variable. Au 78 hours p. c. most blastocysts occupied the proximal half of the uterine horn, although some appeared very close to the internal os of the cervix. Spacing of blastocysts in the uterus, 114 to 120 hours p. c. , involved movement of blastocysts away from the cervix. Unfertilized eggs remained in the uterus, along with developing blastocysts 168 hours p. c . Few eggs were retained in the oviduct at 108 and 115 hours p. c .
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Ethyl ether of 11-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-metylprostaglandin E1 (11-deoxymisoprostol) increases the contractile activity of uterine horn segments isolated from nonpregnant rats and produces abortive effect when given in a period of time within 1 - 16 days of pregnancy. The drug action is related to a decrease of the progesterone level in ovarian incubates of pregnant rats.
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Summary. The effects of IUDs on the occurrence of ovulation and the pituitary gonadotrophin content was studied in water buffalo heifers of the Surti breed. Thirty-six of these heifers were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 received sham operations, while Groups 2, 3 and 4 were fitted with plastic IUDs in the cranial region of the uterus either ipsilaterally or contralaterally (in relation to the side on which ovulation occurred) or bilaterally, 72 hr after the exhibition of heat. Treated heifers showed significantly shorter cycles than the controls (P<0·01). There was no difference between Groups 2, 3 and 4. Heifers were slaughtered after the onset of heat in post-IUD-insertion cycles. Eight of the nine heifers ovulated in the control group, but only three in the group fitted with bilateral IUDs and one each in the groups fitted with ipsilateral and contralateral IUDs. The other ovarian characters studied did not show any significant differences among the four groups. The anterior pituitaries from these heifers in different groups were freeze-dried and assayed for lh and fsh. Neither lh nor fsh activity was statistically different among treatment groups. The results of this experiment suggested that an IUD, when present in one horn, also affects the adjacent ovary of the opposite horn to induce shorter cycles. This contralateral effect may be mediated systemically either at the level of the pituitary, the hypothalamus, or both. It is not possible to rule out transmission of a uterine factor from the IUD-horn to the non-IUD horn.
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