Present status and future directions for management of root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) in chickpea
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Chickpea is a popular legume crop in Asia and Africa's semi-arid regions. Crop production gains, on the other hand, have been modest, owing to biotic and abiotic stressors. Among the different biotic stresses, nematodes portray serious threat to chickpea production and colossal losses have been reported due to stress-free infection by other pathogens on infection with root lesion nematode (RLN). The worldwide distribution of two major species of RLN namely P. thornei and P. neglectus made them a focus research area especially on management aspect. In dryland farming areas of southeastern Australia, the P. thornei alone can cause yield losses of up to 40% in cereals and legumes. Despite the fact that chickpea breeders have been working persistently to generate superior chickpea varieties with increased resilience or tolerance to biotic and abiotic challenges, contemporary biotechnology technologies can help to speed up this process. To incorporate these tools and/or accelerate breeding programmes, identification of RLN resistant source with its genetic factor is first step in developing improved cultivars. However, study of resistance screening methods for chickpea against RLN is limited and standardization of different factors for development of a stable screening methodology distinguishing various levels of resistance is the need of the hour in RLN research.Cite
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Shin yamadaho 1 cultivar had been bred through pure-line development from Yamadaho cultivar, which is the maternal parent of Yamadanishiki cultivar. But, few sake-brewing experiments using Shin yamadaho 1 rice have been reported for 80 years.We studied varietal characteristics of Shin yamadaho 1 cultivar in comparison with those of Yamadanishiki cultivar.Both cultivars showed similar cultivation properties except that the culm of Shin yamadaho 1 cultivar was 12cm longer.In brown rice analysis, Shin yamadaho 1 rice was found to show lower protein, especiallylower protein body II ratio with respect to protein body I, lower fat and higher amylose contents, all of which are properties suitable for sake brewing.These results suggest that the excellent quality of Shin yamadaho 1 cultivar as well as Yamadanishiki has been transmitted from their parent, Yamadaho.In Ginjo-sake brewing by using Shin yamadaho 1 as the rice material, produced superior Ginjo-sake with higher ethyl caproate and lower amino acidity than those by Yamadanishiki. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis of eleven rice cultivars distinguished Shin vamadaho 1 cultivar from the others.
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Response of the susceptible cultivar Kanzler, the partially resistant cultivar Mikon and the resistant cultivar Asta (genes of resistance Pm2, Pm6) to powdery, were tested in two years small plot-experiments. Disease severity was influenced by weather conditions. There were highly significant differences in disease severity, infection type and number of diseased plants between the susceptible cultivar and the cultivars with partial resistance and specific resistance. Smaller differences were between the partially resistant cultivar and the resistant cultivar than between the cultivar with partial resistance and the susceptible cultivar. The most affected leaf was the third leaf from the top in all tested cultivars. Among these cultivars were differences in the highest development of disease in single growth stages.
Blumeria graminis
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Being as a plant of cross-pollination,the cultivar identification of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) is more difficult than other self-pollination plant because of the admixture genotypes within a cultivar.A preliminary study on alfalfa cultivar identification was conducted on native cultivars,bred cultivars,and cross cultivars using SSR markers.The results suggest that some nonspecific bands were avoided by using denatured gels for the separating of PCR products;the gene frequency of 148bp band of AFcal loci was much higher in Longmu series cultivars than that in other alfalfa cultivars,by which Longmu cultivars were identified among alfalfa cultivars.However,the gene frequency differences could not be used for other cultivar identification,because the differences among other alfalfa cultivars were small.Thus,it was very difficult to identify all alfalfa cultivars by using limited SSR markers.Some alfalfa cultivars could be identified by using the molecular marker associated with a specific trait of the cultivar.
Medicago sativa
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Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is the most important cultivated grass in eastern Canada. Cultivars from many parts of the world are evaluated and grown under different management regimes throughout the eastern region. This implies potentially large biased cultivar performance estimates due to potential cultivar-by-management interactions. A trial of 16 timothy cultivars was seeded at two locations in 1985 and submitted to two harvest management regimes to evaluate the magnitude of the cultivar-by-management interaction and cultivar stability. In this trial, dry matter production, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre and crude protein were evaluated during a 3-yr period. Results indicate large cultivar-by-management, cultivar-by-location, and cultivar-by-year interactions for most parameters. Cultivar by management was generally the largest interaction with very low correlations between contrasting managements at the first harvest. However, stability parameter analysis indicated that most cultivars were stable. The determination of the contribution of the different cultivars to the interaction effects using orthogonal contrasts appeared to be the most meaningful technique for stability analysis and should be favoured in the determination of cultivar performance constancy. This technique allows one to define precisely the magnitude of the effect of each cultivar for each interaction and appeared very powerful in identifying stable cultivars. Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense, stability analysis, genotype by environment interaction
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Phenological characteristics, yield and fruit quality of 14 medium-late ripening plum cultivars, were studied in the region of Belgrade during the five-year period (2013-2017). The control cultivar for comparison was ?Cacanska rodna?. Flowering of tested cultivars occurred in the first half of April, and fruit maturation was in the first half of August. The average yield per tree was the lowest in the ?Nevena? cultivar (1.6 kg), and the highest in the ?Mildora? cultivar (22.5 kg). Compared to the control cultivar, significantly lower yield was achieved in seven cultivars. The lowest vigor was determined in the standard cultivar (?Cacanska rodna?), and the highest in the ?Milka? cultivar. The average fruit weight ranged from 19.5 g in the ?Nevena? cultivar to 50.5 g in the ?Valor? cultivar. Compared to the control, fruit weight was statistically significantly higher in five cultivars. In all studied cultivars, the high soluble solids content (over 17%) was found, while in cultivars ?Mildora? and ?Valor? it was significantly higher than in the control. On the basis of the obtained results, as regards cultivation in the region of Belgrade, it is possible to recommend the following cultivars: ?Valor? and ?Cacanska najbolja? as predominantly table cultivars (for fresh consumption), ?Jojo? and ?Vengerka krupna slatka? as cultivars of combined characteristics and ?Mildora? as a cultivar for processing.
Table grape
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Being as a plant of cross-pollination; the cultivar identification of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is more difficult than other self-pollination plant because of the admixture genotypes within a cultivar. A preliminary study on alfalfa cultivar identification was conducted on native cultivars, bred cultivars, and cross cultivars using SSR markers. The results suggest that some nonspecific bands were avoided by using denatured gels for the separating of PCR products; the gene frequency of l4Sbp band of AFcal loci was much higher in Longmu series cultivars than that in other alfalfa cultivars, by which Longmu cultivars were identified among alfalfa cultivars. However, the gene frequency differences could not be used for other cultivar identification, because the differences among other alfalfa cultivars were small. Thus, it was very difficult to identify all alfalfa cultivars by using limited SSR markers. Some alfalfa cultivars could be identified by using the molecular marker associated with a specific trait of the cultivar.
Medicago sativa
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Summary Th e quality of the eight local apple cultivars (‘Alvanija’, ‘Kardinal’, ‘Križara’, ‘Majdofi ja’, ‘Muskatnica’, ‘Slastica’, ‘Slatka srcika’ and ‘Punika’) was studied. Cultivar ‘Kardinal’ had the highest fruit mass, and the cultivar ‘Slastica’ had the lowest. Th ere was no signifi cant diff erence in fruit mass between the cultivars ‘Kardinal’ and ‘Majdofi ja’. Cultivar ‘Alvanija’ had the highest fruit height and cultivar ‘Križara’ had the smallest. Cultivar ‘Kardinal’ had the widest fruits, and cultivar ‘Križara’ had the narrowest. Cultivar ‘Alvanija’ had the highest shape index, and cultivars ‘Križara’ and ‘Majdofi ja’ had the lowest. Th e highest fi rmness had cultivars ‘Majdofi ja’ and ‘Slastica’, between which there was no statistically signifi cant diff erence. Cultivars ‘Kardinal’, ‘Križara’ and ‘Punika’ had signifi cantly lower fruit fi rmness but still signifi cantly higher than cultivar ‘Muskatnica’. Cultivar ‘Slastica’ had the highest soluble solids content, and cultivar ‘Križara’ had the lowest. Cultivar ‘Križara’ received signifi cantly lower panelist score for crispness, texture and juiciness than cultivar ‘Majdofi ja’. Cultivars ‘Kardinal’ and ‘Majdofi ja’ received better scores for taste attributes than other cultivars. Panelist scores for fruit shape and general impression were the highest for the cultivars ‘Kardinal’ and ‘Madofi ja’. Th ere was no signifi cant diff erence in panelist scores for fruit size between these cultivars and cultivars ‘Alvanija’ and ‘Križara’. It was concluded that the most promising cultivars are ‘Majdofi ja’ and ‘Kardinal’. However, to fully evaluate their potential, comparison with other cultivars in the standard growing conditions during long-term research is needed.
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A retrospective analysis of the physiological basis of genetic yield improvement should provide us a direction for future yield improvement. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the change in yield in leading rice cultivars that were bred and grown in the Tohoku region in the 20th century, and to find whether apparent photosynthetic rate (AP) is associated with the yield improvement. Ten leading rice cultivars were grown at low- and high-nitrogen conditions, Low-N and High-N, respectively, and three environmental conditions (two years in Sendai and one year in Kashimadai). Yields were higher under High-N than under Low-N in all the cultivars tested, and yield increase was greater in the newly bred cultivars released after 1960s (new cultivars) than in those released before 1960 (old cultivars). The genotypic improvement in yield under High-N was progressive year by year in the old cultivars whereas it was stagnated in the new cultivars. The cultivar difference in AP of the flag leaf one week after heading was small, but that three weeks after heading was larger in new cultivars than in old cultivars except for a few cultivars. A dependence of AP on leaf nitrogen concentration three weeks after heading was evident in the plants grown under High-N. The number of spikelets increased under High-N in all ten cultivars, where the percentage of ripened grains was lower in the old cultivars than in the new cultivars. These results suggest that yield improvement of rice cultivars in the 20th century in the Tohoku region has been accompanied by a greater AP during the ripening stage that might lead to a greater grain filling percentage.
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