9. The Study in Broader Context: Implications beyond Amendment 2
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In this article, the authors analyse the ne bis in idem rule, in particular, the extent to which administrative sanctions are included within the scope of the rule and how a close connection between administrative and criminal proceedings arising out of the same set of facts can be established. Further, they comment on the manner in which the rule has been applied by the ECtHR in the context of tax penalties and the various issues that have arisen in this context.
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Taxation as the main material foundation of the state existence and operation occupies so much proportion in the state public finance that when facing the problems related taxation we have to put it in the context of constitutionalism so as to read and understand it thoroughly.Definition of the taxation in the context of constitutionalism will provide the theories foundation for ruling taxation by the law and perfecting democracy mechanism in the taxation state.
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Journal Article The First Amendment and the Future of American Democracy, by Walter Berns Get access The First Amendment and the Future of American Democracy by Walter Berns. New York, Basic Books, 1976.—xi, 266 pp. $12.50. David Fellman David Fellman University of Wisconsin, Madison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 92, Issue 2, Summer 1977, Pages 323–325, https://doi.org/10.2307/2148367 Published: 15 June 1977
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• In Post Danmark II, the Court held that, in the context of Article 102 TFEU, it is not necessary to show that an anticompetitive effect is of a ‘serious’ or ‘appreciable’ nature to apply that provision.• In this context, the notion of ‘appreciability’ must be distinguished from that of ‘likelihood’, which refers to the probability of the anticompetitive effects of the practice.• The notion must also be distinguished from that of effects as, contrary to what has sometimes been suggested, ruling out the need to show the appreciability of an anticompetitive effect does not say anything about what an effect is.
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Journal Article Ninth Amendment Rights and Wrongs—A Note on Noninterpretism Get access Wallace Mendelson Wallace Mendelson WALLACE MENDELSON, author of scores of articles on public law problems, is professor emeritus in the department of government at the University of Texas at Austin. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 110, Issue 3, Fall 1995, Pages 405–415, https://doi.org/10.2307/2152571 Published: 15 September 1995
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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In Post Danmark II, the Court of Justice (hereinafter, the ‘Court’) held that it is not justified to set a de minimis threshold for practices falling under the scope of Article 102 TFEU.1 Once an anticompetitive effect is shown to exist, it is not necessary to establish, in addition, that it is of a ‘serious’ or an ‘appreciable’ nature. This position is justified, according to the Court, given that competition is already weakened by the very presence of the dominant firm.2 It seems difficult to dispute this aspect of the ruling, which is in line with the relevant precedents, in particular Hoffmann-La Roche.3 The de minimis doctrine dates back to Völk, where the Court held that agreements having ‘insignificant effects on the markets’ fall outside of Article 101(1) TFEU.4 Considering that Völk refers explicitly to the ‘weak position [of] the persons concerned’ as an indicator of the (in)appreciable impact of the agreement on competition, it is only reasonable to conclude that the de minimis doctrine has no meaningful role to play in the context of Article 102 TFEU.
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