Transmission of monkeypox virus through sexual contact – A novel route of infection
Joseph HeskinAmy BelfieldCharlotte MilneNicklas BrownYasmin WaltersChristopher ScottMargherita BracchiLuke MooreNabeela MughalTommy RamplingAlan WinstonMark NelsonSarah DuncanRachael JonesAshley PriceBorja Mora-Peris
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Keywords:
Monkeypox
Sexual contact
Sexual transmission
Recent evidence suggests that sexual contact may give rise to transmission of Ebola virus long after infection has been cleared from blood. We develop a simple mathematical model that incorporates contact transmission and sexual transmission parametrized from data relating to the 2013–2015 West African Ebola epidemic. The model explores scenarios where contact transmission is reduced following infection events, capturing behaviour change, and quantifies how these actions reducing transmission may be compromised by sexual transmission in terms of increasing likelihood, size and duration of outbreaks. We characterize the extent to which sexual transmission operates in terms of the probability of initial infection resolving to sexual infectiousness and the sexual transmission rate, and relate these parameters to the overall case burden. We find that sexual transmission can have large effects on epidemic dynamics (increasing attack ratios from 25% in scenarios without sexual transmission but with contact-transmission-reducing behaviour, up to 80% in equivalent scenarios with sexual transmission).
Sexual transmission
Clearance
Sexual contact
Basic reproduction number
Disease Transmission
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Objective: To analyze the epidemic features of male HIV-infected and AIDS patients by sexual transmission in Shandong Province. Methods: Data on HIV-infected people and AIDS patients (HIV/AIDS) were derived from HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. To analysis the epidemiological data of male HIV/AIDS by sexual transmission reported in Shandong Province from 1997 to 2016. Results: A total of 8 584 HIV/AIDS were reported by heterosexual transmission or homosexual transmission from 2007 to 2016. 2 421 cases were reported by heterosexual transmission and 6 163 cases were reported by homosexual transmission. Among cases infected by heterosexual transmission. The average age of cases infected by heterosexual transmission was (38.13±12.39) and (31.62±10.22) among cases who infected by homosexual transmission (t=24.95, P<0.001). 84 cases were reported by homosexual transmission and 138 cases by heterosexual transmission from 2007 to 2008, and 6 079 cases were reported by homosexual transmission and 2 283 cases by heterosexual transmission from 2009 to 2016. A total of 770 cases were dead after reported. Among the dead cases, 337 cases were infected by homosexual transmission and 433 cases by heterosexual transmission (χ(2)=328.21, P<0.001). 61.4% of the dead cases by heterosexual transmission were no longer than 6 months after reported and 54.3% in homosexual transmission (χ(2)=3.96, P=0.047). Conclusion: Homosexual transmission has been the main transmission of HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province. Epidemiological features and social demographic characteristics of each sexual transmission were different. As part of HIV cases developed to death in 6 months.目的： 分析山东经不同性途径男性HIV感染者和艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）的流行病学特征。 方法： 通过我国"艾滋病综合防治信息系统"获取HIV/AIDS，纳入其中2007年1月1日至2016年12月31日期间自述感染途径为男男性行为传播或异性传播且现住址为山东的男性，共8 584例。收集系统中研究对象的基本人口学特征、户籍和现住址，以及疾病进展、死亡等情况。比较不同性途径传播HIV研究对象的年龄差异、性行为构成差异。 结果： 8 584例研究对象中，经男男性行为传播者为6 163例，被发现时年龄为（31.62±10.22）岁；经异性性行为传播者为2 421例，被发现时年龄为（38.13±12.39）岁；年龄差异有统计学意义（t=24.95，P<0.001）。2007—2008年经男男性行为传播者占38.7%（84例），经异性性行为传播者占62.2%（138例）；2009—2016年经男男性行为传播者为6 079例，经异性性行为传播者为2 283例。研究对象中共770例死亡，其中经男男性行为传播感染HIV死亡者占43.8%（337例），经异性性行为传播感染HIV死亡者占56.2%（433例），差异有统计学意义（χ(2)=328.21，P<0.001）。经男男性行为传播死亡者中，54.3%（183例）者从发现到死亡的存活时间不超过6个月，而经异性性行为传播者中该比例为61.4%（266例），差异有统计学意义（χ(2)=3.96，P=0.047）。 结论： 男男性行为传播已成为山东省HIV的主要传播方式；经异性和同性性行为传播HIV的男性的流行特征有一定差异；部分病例从发现到死亡的存活时间较短。.
Sexual transmission
Heterosexuality
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In The Netherlands, in May 1999 an enhanced surveillance of hepatitis B was begun to collect detailed information of patients with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The objective was to gain insight in transmission routes and source of infection of new HBV cases. Through public health services, patients were interviewed on risk factors. It appeared that the majority (59%) acquired the infection through sexual contact; 52% of these by homosexual and 48% by heterosexual contact. In 60% of the heterosexual cases, the source of infection was a partner originating from a hepatitis B-endemic region. Sexual transmission is the most common route of transmission of acute hepatitis B in The Netherlands and introduction of infections from abroad plays a key role in the current epidemiology of HBV. As well as prevention programmes targeted at sexual high-risk groups, prevention efforts should focus more on the heterosexual transmission from HBV carriers.
Sexual transmission
Sexual contact
Hepatitis B
Contact tracing
Acute hepatitis B
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Sexual transmission
Hepatitis C
Sexual intercourse
Sexual contact
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Sexual transmission
Sexual contact
Hepatitis B
Contact tracing
Acute hepatitis
Hepatitis C
Heterosexuality
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To assess current knowledge about the potential for sexual transmission of the hepatitis viruses A-E and G and how to prevent any such transmission.A search of published literature identified through Medline 1966-June 1998 (Ovid v 3.0), the Cochrane Library and reference lists taken from each article obtained. Textword and MeSH searches for hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, G, delta, GB virus, GBV-C were linked to searches under the textword terms sex$, vaccine$, prevent$, and MeSH subheadings, epidemiology, transmission, prevention, and control.There is evidence for heterosexual transmission of hepatitis B, C, D, and G and homosexual transmission of hepatitis A-D and G. Condoms are an effective method for preventing transmission by penetrative vaginal or anal sex although spread of types A and B are linked also to oro-anal sex. Hepatitis types A and B can be prevented by pre- and post-exposure active or passive immunisation. There is still some uncertainty about appropriate target groups for pre-exposure vaccination, particularly against hepatitis A.
Sexual transmission
Hepatitis B
Anal sex
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In 2015–2016, South America went through the largest Zika epidemic in recorded history. One important aspect of this epidemic was the importance of sexual transmission in combination with the usual vectorial transmission, with asymmetrical transmissibilities between sexual partners depending on the type of sexual contact; this asymmetry manifested itself in data as an increased risk to women. We propose a mathematical model for the transmission of the Zika virus including sexual transmission via all forms of sexual contact, as well as vector transmission, assuming a constant availability of mosquitoes. From this model, we derive an expression for R 0 , which is used to study and analyze the relative contributions of the male to female sexual transmission route vis-à-vis vectorial transmission. We also perform Bayesian inference of the model’s parameters using data from the 2016 Zika epidemic in Rio de Janeiro.
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Pathogens often follow more than one transmission route during outbreaks-from needle sharing plus sexual transmission of HIV to small droplet aerosol plus fomite transmission of influenza. Thus, controlling an infectious disease outbreak often requires characterizing the risk associated with multiple mechanisms of transmission. For example, during the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, weighing the relative importance of funeral versus health care worker transmission was essential to stopping disease spread. As a result, strategic policy decisions regarding interventions must rely on accurately characterizing risks associated with multiple transmission routes. The ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak challenges our conventional methodologies for translating case-counts into route-specific transmission risk. Critically, most approaches will fail to accurately estimate the risk of sustained sexual transmission of a pathogen that is primarily vectored by a mosquito-such as the risk of sustained sexual transmission of ZIKV. By computationally investigating a novel mathematical approach for multi-route pathogens, our results suggest that previous epidemic threshold estimates could under-estimate the risk of sustained sexual transmission by at least an order of magnitude. This result, coupled with emerging clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence for an increased risk of sexual transmission, would strongly support recent calls to classify ZIKV as a sexually transmitted infection.
Zika Virus
Sexual transmission
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