Extensive Sampling Provides New Insights into Phylogenetic Relationships between Wild and Domesticated Zanthoxylum Species in China
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Abstract:
Zanthoxylum, belonging to the Rutaceae family, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus has high economic value as spices, oils, medicinal plants, and culinary applications. Zanthoxylum has a long history of domestication and cultivation in China. However, the phylogenetic relationships and origin of wild and cultivated Zanthoxylum species in China remain largely unknown. Moreover, there is still no clear molecular phylogenetic system for Zanthoxylum species. Herein, 373 Zanthoxylum samples were collected from all presently known provenances of Zanthoxylum in China. In this study, four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers (matK, ndhH, psbB, rbcL) were used to comprehensively analyze the genetic diversity, relatedness, and geographical origin of Chinese Zanthoxylum species. The results were as follows: (1) The aligned length of the four pairs of cpDNA sequences was 3836 bp, and 68 haplotypes were identified according to 219 variable polymorphic sites, including 90 singleton variable sites, 129 parsimony informative sites, 3 Indels (insertions and deletions). (2) Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network strongly supported the division of Zanthoxylum species consistent with the taxonomic recognition of five species: Z. bungeanum, Z. piasezkii, Z. piperitum, Z. armatum, and Z. micranthum. (3) Divergence time estimation suggested that Zanthoxylum genus originated from the Late Eocene, and most Zanthoxylum species diverged after the Middle Miocene. (4) Haplotype 16 (H16) was at the bottom of the phylogenetic tree, had higher haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide polymorphism (Pi) than other haplotypes, and was located in the center of the network figure. Therefore, we deduced that the cultivated Zanthoxylum species may originate in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China. Meanwhile, our research provided a scientific basis for the identification and breeding programs of Chinese Zanthoxylum species.Keywords:
Zanthoxylum
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Three new species of Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae) from Andean Ecuador are here described based upon their morphological characters: Z. complexum Reynel, Z. kallunkiae Reynel, and Z. pluvimontanum Reynel & D. Tarazona. They all belong to the most speciose section of the genus, Macqueria Comm. ex Triana & Planch, and within it, they can be distinguished by several characters; each one belongs to a different species group of the mentioned section.
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A new species of Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae) from Colombia and Brazil is described here, based upon morphological characters. Zanthoxylum palustre Londoño-Ech. & Reynel is distributed in lacustrine, riverine, and swampy environments at very low altitude, and belongs to Zanthoxylum sect. Macqueria Comm. ex Triana & Planch., the largest section of the genus; it is distinguished by several vegetative and reproductive characteristics.
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Zanthoxylum belongs to the Rutaceae family, and there are 81 Zanthoxylum species and 36 varieties in China. Most of the Zanthoxylum plants are used as culinary spice. In recent years, scholars in China and abroad have carried out in-depth research on Zanthoxylum plants, and found that the peculiar numbing sensation of Zanthoxylum plants originates from amides. It is also determined that amides are an important material basis for exerting pharmacological effects, especially in anti-inflammatory analgesia, anesthesia and other aspects. In this paper, 123 amides in 26 Zanthoxylum plants and their pharmacological activity that have been reported were summarized, which provided scientific reference for the clinical application of Zanthoxylum plants and the research and development of new drugs, and also facilitated the sustainable development and utilization of Zanthoxylum plant resources.
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Abstract Aerial parts of the species Zanthoxylum hyemale and Zanthoxylum naranjillo which present the same botanical apparence were subjected to hydrodistillation. Twenty nine compounds have been identified by GC/MS analysis of the essential oils. Sesquiterpenes such as spathulenol and bicyclogermacrene are the main components
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Leaf architecture of 32 species and 4 variety of Zanthoxylum s.l.(Rutaceae)in China were investigated.A comprehensive description of leaf architecture for Zanthoxylum was provided.Venation pattern was brochidodromous which represented a comparative primitive type.Tree types of teeth were detected,namely entire,toothed and crenate.The secondary veins were branched or unbranched.The most species were without glands on teeth,except in 4 species.These results did not support Englerian classification of Zanthoxylum.Based on comparison of leaf architecture,our results supported the taxonomic treatment of subgenera Fagara and Zanthoxylum as subgenus rank of Zanthoxylum and the genus Zanthoxylum as a comparative primitive group within the Rutaceae.A key based on main diagnostic morphologically and leaf architecture characters to the two subgenera of Zanthoxylum were revised.
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