Velocity damper for electromagnetically levitated materials
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The levitation force characteristics in a superconducting levitation device are determined not only by the geometry and electromagnetic properties of its components, but also by the initial cooling process of the superconductor. In this paper we present the experimental results of effects of the different initial cooling heights between a superconductor and magnet on the levitation force characteristics including maximum levitation force, relaxation of the levitation force and drift of the levitation force caused by the magnet vibration. It was found that the different cooling heights have large influences on the levitation force characteristics of YBCO bulk.
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The effect of magnet moving speed on the relaxation of the maximum levitation force of YBCO bulk has been investigated. The experiment was carried out between a cylinder permanent magnet and a single-domain YBCO bulk, and the levitation force was measured using a self-made levitation force measurement system. It is found that the levitation force decreases with time after the gap distance between the magnet and YBCO bulk reduced to 2 mm and kept for the test. It is also found that the levitation force and its relaxation rate is different for different moving speed between the magnet and the YBCO bulk, and the higher the moving speed, the greater the relaxation rate of levitation force. However, the largest levitation force is obtained at an optimal speed, the higher the levitation force, and the faster the relaxation of levitation force.
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Two methods for superconducting magnetic levitation are investigated to enhance levitation characteristics such as levitation force and horizontal stability. In one of the investigated methods, not only a repulsive force between a permanent magnet and a superconductor but also the force between two permanent magnets is utilized to achieve strong levitation force and horizontal stability. In an other method, a high Tc superconductor was preliminarily magnetized by a permanent magnet via a field-cooling process. Levitation forces and horizontal stability in the proposed system were numerically evaluated using a computer program based on the critical state model.
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Ultrasonic levitation is a non-contact method of manipulating samples in mid-air that has drawn significant interest in the fields of biochemistry and pharmaceutical science. In these fields, the stability of levitated droplets is crucial for effective applications. This study aims to investigate the droplet levitation while focusing on their oscillation dynamics and levitation stability using an ultrasonic levitator with multiple nodes. A high-speed camera was used to observe the behavior of the droplets, and the results showed that the number and position of levitating droplets are critical factors affecting the stability of the levitation. By exploring the high-speed camera observations, we seek to understand the dynamic interactions between ultrasonic waves and these levitated droplets, which could induce oscillation and can be used for sonochemistry.
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Levitation of bulk Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors could successfully be controlled using a Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting electromagnet. It was found that stable levitation without tilting was obtained only when the sample trapped a certain amount of field, the minimum of which depended on the external field and the sample dimensions. We also employed a novel analysis method for levitation based on the total energy balance, which is much simpler than the force method and could be applied to the understanding of general levitation behavior. Numerical analyzes thus developed suggested that stable levitation of superconductors with large dimensions can only be achieved when the induced currents can flow with three dimensional freedom.
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Stable levitation of cylindrical iron and permanent magnet (PM) samples of various sizes has been achieved by using high temperature superconducting (HTS) bulk annuli which were magnetized by field cooling (FC) method. In this paper, we examined the forces acting on iron and PM samples levitating in the inner space of HTS bulk annuli. The levitation forces of the 3 stacked HTS bulk system (3 bulks system) have been compared with the 2 stacked HTS bulk system (2 bulks system) having a gap between the bulks. In our experiments, the levitation force increases with increasing the magnetization field strength, the strength of magnetic flux density of PM, and the sample size. The levitation force of the 2 bulks system was better than the 3 bulks system, and we found that the levitation force using the field in magnetized HTS bulk systems strongly depends on the strength of the magnetic flux density of the sample and the magnetic field gradient in the levitating space.
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We studied a levitation system that uses the magnetic shielding effect of a high-temperature superconducting bulk. As the levitation force was insufficient in our former experiments, ferromagnetic plates and bars were added to the superconducting bulk to increase the levitation force. Experimental results showed that the levitation force increased when small plates and bars were used. The peak levitation force exceeded the weight of the moving part in our experimental system, thus enabling the moving part to be lifted.
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Both high levitation pressures (up to 22 N cm-2) and high restoring pressures (up to 11 N cm-2) are obtained for a superconducting trapped field magnet of 1.5 T levitating above the centre of a ring of zero-field cooled high-temperature superconductors. The ratio of levitation force to restoring force can be varied between 2.9 and 0.3 by changing the quality of the superconductors. This significantly improves the stability of levitation compared to commonly used single sample configurations.
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