Maximization of Energy Efficiency in Wireless ad hoc and Sensor Networks With SERENA
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In this paper we study the problem of covering the perimeter of a region of interest with a wireless sensor network in order to monitor the trespassing in surveillance applications. We will characterize in a probabilistic context the relationship between the parameters of the sensor network, e.g. number of sensors or sensor density, and the coverage capability and energy efficiency.
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Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks operate in distributed environments with limited resources and sensing capabilities. Especially, a sensor node has a small energy. After the sensor nodes are distributed in some area, it is not accessible to the area. AIso, a battery of sensor node cannot change. One of the hot issues in wireless sensor networks maximizes the network lifetime through minimizing the energy dissipation of sensor nodes. In LEACH, the cluster head is elected based on a kind of probability method without considering remaining energy of sensor node. In this paper, we propose a cluster formation scheme that the network elect the node, which has higher energy level than average energy level of overall sensor network, as cluster head node. We show the superiority of our scheme through computer simulation.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of sensor nodes. These sensor nodes are usually used to monitor different physical or environmental conditions. Configuration of wireless sensor networks requires certain functions to be automatically assigned to sensor nodes. The most important research problem that needs to be addressed in order to support autonomous configuration of WSN is the assignment of roles to sensor nodes based on the properties of the network. These roles represent the task that a specific node is supposed to fulfill. The assignment of roles and task to the suitable sensor nodes would ensure the increase in performance and longevity of the network. This paper discusses the different role assignment algorithms that are used in wireless sensor networks.
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The reach of an ad hoc network is very limited and researchers have studied this issue with great interest. A node that wants to send data to a remote node that is outside its transmission range depends on the intermediate nodes to relay the packets towards the destination. This leads to poor scalability in ad hoc networks. As the number of nodes increase, the effective throughput per node decreases. Furthermore, the increasing number of intermediate wireless nodes (hops) causes unacceptable delays in the network. In this paper the authors propose two possible solutions to connect remote ad hoc nodes via an infrastructured network. The ad hoc nodes can communicate over the long distances by utilizing the border gateways between ad hoc domain and infrastructured network. The two possible solutions are redistribution of the routes between the wired and wireless domains, and layer 2 tunnels between the gateways. It is shown that the first method does not provide full connectivity when using an on demand routing protocol in the ad hoc domain. The second approach, however, is shown to provide full connectivity between the ad hoc domains.
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We study the impact of heterogeneity of energy in hierarchically clustered wireless sensor networks. Heterogeneity in energy of the sensor nodes can be because of (i) differences in transmission levels of sensor nodes, (ii) differences in initial energies, or (iii) due to introduction of high energy sensor nodes within the sensor network to revitalize it [11]. Clustering protocols divide sensor nodes into groups of member nodes called clusters. Each cluster contains a cluster head. Cluster heads form an independent dominating set. We identify a potential drawback of such a scheme in heterogeneous sensor networks. In a heterogeneous sensor network, electing sensor nodes with high energy (called advanced nodes) which lie within the same transmission radius may be better than electing a single advanced node as cluster head. Cluster heads expend more energy than member nodes during each round. Therefore, election of advanced nodes as cluster heads becomes imperative for the performance of the sensor network. We propose a weighted cluster head election scheme, called Weight Based Clustering for Heterogeneous sensor Networks (WBCHN). WBCHN prolongs the stability period (time before the first node dies) through the election of high percentage of advanced sensor nodes as cluster heads.
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Localization is the subject matter that has allured the attention of many researchers in the field of wireless sensor network. It is the process of assigning or computing the location of the sensor nodes in a sensor network. Since the sensor nodes are randomly deployed, it is very important that they localize themselves, as the manual deployment of sensor node is not feasible. Thus in this paper, we find out the solution for localizing the sensor nodes. We have developed a novel model that first finds the distance of the sensor nodes then it finds the location of the unknown sensor nodes in power efficient manner.
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In this paper, we investigate the use of limited infrastructure, in the form of wires, for improving the energy efficiency of a wireless sensor network. We call such a sensor network - a wireless sensor network with a limited infrastructural support - a hybrid sensor network. The wires act as short cuts to bring down the average hop count of the network, resulting in a reduced energy dissipation per node. Our results indicate that adding a few wires to a wireless sensor network can not only reduce the average energy expenditure per sensor node, but also the non-uniformity in the energy expenditure across the sensor nodes.
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In wireless sensor networks, the number of sensor nodes has direct relation to the cost of total wireless sensor networks, and at the same time, the problem is closely connected to wireless sensor networks' performance, such as robust, fault-tolerance, and furthermore, it is considered at first as wireless sensor networks are designed. Therefore, the research on the number of sensor nodes has significant meanings of theory and practice to design of wireless sensor networks. By computation and analysis, the sensor deployments in the form of equilateral triangle, as a rule, are better than those in the form of square, and the efficient coverage area ratios decrease with increasing number of sensor nodes.
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In wireless sensor networks, the number of sensor nodes has direct relation to the cost of total wireless sensor networks, and at the same time, the problem is closely connected to wireless sensor networks' performance, such as robust, fault-tolerance, and furthermore, it is considered at first as wireless sensor networks are designed. Therefore, the research on the number of sensor nodes has significant meanings of theory and practice to design of wireless sensor networks. By computation and analysis, the sensor deployments in the form of equilateral triangle, as a rule, are better than those in the form of square, and the efficient coverage area ratios decrease with increasing number of sensor nodes. Sometime information is incompletely monitored or undetected. This is coverage and connectivity problems. The coverage problem is also one of basic problem in wireless sensor networks. The paper analyzes several sensor deployments and computes their efficient coverage areas and their efficient coverage area ratios. In addition, the relation between the number of sensors and efficient coverage area ratio is discussed.
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