Effect of Ultraviolet-C Radiation on the Morphology of Cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. LBALBR-2 Isolated from Supply Reservoir (Belém, Pará, Brazil)
Eliane Brabo de SousaAline Lemos GomesCelly Jenniffer da Silva CunhaPaola Vitória Brito PiresLisbethe Melo Sckyr AhndrewVanessa Bandeira da Costa
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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that in aquatic environments can compose the phytoplankton and phytobenthos, being important in the primary production of these ecosystems. The objective of this work was to identify the main morphological variations of the cells, filaments and thallus of the cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. LBALBR-2 submitted to ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) in microcosm systems. The cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. was subjected to four treatments: 1- control treatment in nutrient medium; 2- treatment in nutrient medium with exposure to UV-C radiation; 3- control treatment in medium without nutrients and 4- treatment in medium without nutrients with exposure to UV-C radiation. Optical density and chlorophyll-a analyses were performed to determine the growth of Nostoc populations and microscopic analyses to characterize the morphological development of the species. Lack of nutrients generated short trichomes with terminal heterocytes, scattered solitary akinetes and appearance of hormogonia. On nutrient medium the trichomes of Nostoc sp. showed predominantly the vegetative serial form. Cultures exposed to UV-C produced anomalous cells, thick mucilage, fragmented trichomes and hormogonia. It is concluded that Nostoc sp. LBALBR-2 grew well under eutrophication conditions and although it showed cell deformation it was resistant to UV-C radiation.Keywords:
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Abstract Variations in the morphology and physiology were noted when parts of the Peltigera aphthosa Willd. thallus differing in age were examined. The many small cephalodia on the growing apex of the lichen showed a lower heterocyst frequency (14%) than those on the rest of the thallus (21–22%), which was reflected in the nitrogenase activity. In contrast, highest levels of photosynthesis ( 14 CO 2 uptake and O 2 evolution) were noted at the growing apex. while respiration rates were fairly stable over the thallus. The water‐holding capacity was greatest in the midparts. Cephalodial biomass represented an average of 2.6% of total thallus biomass. while the number and size of these structures varied considerably. A minor part of the total carbon fixation ( 14 CO 2 ) and net oxygen evolution (O 2 electrode) was performed by the blue‐green phycobiont ( Nostoc ) in light. A rapid excretion of ammonia from isolated cephalodia was noticed, which together with a comparatively constant C:N ratio throughout the thallus indicated a rapid transport of metabolites facilitated by close physical contact (electron microscopy).
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S ummary The content of the blue‐green alga phycobiont, Nostoc sp. in the lichen Peltigera canina has been estimated using various techniques and represents on average 2.7% of the total thallus nitrogen. Expressed in terms of cell numbers, this represents approximately 3 × 10 6 cells cm 2 , mature thallus. The nitrogenase activity, expressed as nil ethylene evolved/minute/mg Sostoc protein, varies considerably with the thallus sample, but a mean value of 10 , considerably greater than that in free‐living Nostoc , has been found. The nitrogenase activity of the algal cells is particularly sensitive to disturbance of the thallus structure and the implications of these findings are discussed.
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• Possibilities of introducing new cyanobacterial strains into established lichen symbioses were examined by manipulating thalli of Peltigera aphthosa and by using the trnL (UAA) intron to identify specific cyanobacterial strains. • P. aphthosa has Nostoc symbionts in cephalodia on the upper surface of the thallus. In three different P. aphthosa populations, each consisting of seven thalli, all cephalodia were experimentally removed. The manipulated lichens were then inoculated with known strains of cultured cyanobacteria and left to develop new cephalodia. After a summer in the field the lichens were harvested and the strain identities of cyanobacterial symbionts in 80 newly formed cephalodia were determined. All epiphytic colonies of free-living cyanobacteria found were also analysed. • Foreign cyanobacteria were not readily incorporated into established P. aphthosa thalli. All newly formed cephalodia contained the same intron sequence, which was identical to that found in the removed cephalodia. At least two inoculated Nostoc strains were able to survive as epiphytic colonies on experimental thalli. Both strains had originally been isolated from bipartite Peltigera species. • Results indicate that associations between cyanobacteria and lichen-forming fungi can be very specific and stable, which contrasts with the general view that cyanobacterial symbioses are rather unspecific.
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Abstract Photoautotrophic cyanobacteria often confront hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species potentially toxic to cells when present in sufficiently high concentrations. In this study, H2O2 tolerance ability of filamentous cyanobacteria Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 (Nostoc 29133) and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (Anabaena 7120) was investigated. Nostoc 29133 was better able to tolerate H2O2-induced inhibition of chlorophyll a and photosystem II performance, as compared to Anabaena 7120. The intracellular hydroperoxide level (indicator of oxidative status) also did not exhibit as much a rise in Nostoc 29133, as it did in Anabaena 7120 after H2O2 treatment. Accordingly, Nostoc 29133 showed higher intrinsic constitutive catalase activity than Anabaena 7120 indicating that the superior tolerance of Nostoc 29133 stems from its higher ability to decompose H2O2. It is suggested that difference in H2O2 tolerance between closely related filamentous cyanobacteria, as is borne out by this study, may be taken into account for judicious selection and effective use of strains in biotechnology.
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Cyanobacteria are an important component in microbiotic crusts and play critical roles in desert ecology. In order to understand the difference between artificially cultured cyanobacteria strain and natural cyanobacteria strain,the morphological variation of four dominant cyanobacteria in microbiotic crusts were explored. The study can offer theoretical supports to make use of artificially cultured cyanobacteria for ecological restoration. Morphological traits,including cell size,sheath,heterocyst and granule,of natural strains and artificially cultured cyanobacteria strains were observed and photos were taken using digital microscope. The differences for the same morphological trait were analyzed. Significant differences were observed for the investigated morphological traits between artificial cultured and natural cyanobacteria strains. Sheath depth and cell wall depth of artificial cultured cyanobacteria strains were significantly lower than those of natural strains. Sheath depth of cultured strains of Microcoleus vaginatus,Nostoc commune,and Tolypothrix sp. decreased by 43. 8%,53. 1% and 16. 5% as compared to those of natural strains,respectively. Cell length and width of M. vaginatus decreased by 23. 7% and 9. 4% in culture. However,cell size of Scytonema ocellatum and Tolypothrix sp. in culture was bigger than that of natural strains. Cell length of cultured strains increased by 42%,60% compared to natural strains. Heterocysts of N-fixing cyanobacteria in culture were 20%-40% smaller in length and width than those of natural strains. For M. vaginatus,S. ocellatum and Tolypothrix sp.,cells contained more granules in natural environment or poor-nutrient medium,however,number of granules decreased profoundly in cells when they grow in nutrient-rich medium. Changes of these morphological traits for cyanobacteria were morphological adaptation in different environmental conditions. These morphological changes in culture have effects on their physiological functions,such as N-fixing,photosynthesis and water utilization etc. Variation of physiological function may result in decreases in drought-resistance.
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Abstract Research on isolating and culturing of cyanobacteria from hot springs of Cisolok and Galunggung Mountain in West Java Indonesia had been done. This research was a study to find a fast and accurate method to identify, isolate and culture the cyanobacteria originating from extreme region, especially from the hot springs. Identification based on morphological characters performed in line with the process of isolation of the founded cyanobacteria strains. In the process of isolation, enrichment methods carried out in stages to determine the viability of each strain to be easily cultured (culturable). Four (4) types of media used in this study, i.e. BBM, BG-11, CT and MA. Pipette method was used to create a single culture. At the initial observations of the fresh samples, 3 types of cyanobacteria thallus were found, i.e. the form of thread/filament (unbranched filament), branched filament, and rounded shapes (coccoid). Furthermore, from all the enrichment samples (stage-1 and stage-2), 12 genera of cyanobacteria were found, i.e. Leptolyngbya, Gloeocapsa, Chroococcus, Oscillatoria, Synechococcus, Fischerella, Scytonema, Hapalosiphon, Microcystis, Nostoc, Gloeotrichia , and Stanieria . In the first stage of enrichment culture samples of Cisolok, eight (8) genera were found, i.e. Leptolyngbya, Chroococcus, Oscillatoria, Synechococcus, Scytonema, Hapalosiphon, Nostoc , and Gloeotrichia , while in the hot spring of Galunggung mountain, only four (4) genera were found (Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Hapalosiphon , and Nostoc) . There were several filaments and coccoid cyanobacteria that could not be identified by morphological characters. Meanwhile, in the second stage of enrichment culture samples of Cisolok, nine (9) genera were found, i.e. six (6) genera similar to those found in the first stage of enrichment (Leptolyngbya, Chroococcus, Oscillatoria, Synechococcus, Scytonema, Hapalosiphon) , and added with the genus of Gloeocapsa, Microcystis , and Stanieria . From the hot spring of Mt Galunggung, nine (9) genera were found, i.e. four (4) genera similar to those found in the first stage of enrichment (Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Hapalosiphon , and Nostoc) , and added with the genus of Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa, Microcystis, Synechococcus , and Fischerella . Both from Cisolok and from Galunggung, the three genera (Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Hapalosiphon) could be found in fresh samples and enrichment samples (stage-1 and stage-2). The research concluded that the enrichment process in stages (first and second) can be used for the isolation of strains of cyanobacteria to be adaptable, and therefore easy to be cultured (culturable). The genus Scytonema and Gloeotrichia are genera that known to be difficult to be cultured, and in this study, they grow only in stage-1, while the genus Stanieria appears in stage-2. Isolates obtained consist of 31 strains from Cisolok hot spring, and 13 strains from Galunggung mountain hot spring, then would be identified (re-identification) using molecular characters (16S rDNA).
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The results of a laboratory experiment to study the influence of the microalgae Eustigmatos magnus (Ochrophyta) and cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. (Cyanobacteria) and their complexes for the growth and development of cucumber seedlings are presented. It was found that the original and diluted cultures of these photosynthetic microorganisms and their complexes have a stimulating effect both on the length and on the weight of cucumber seedlings. In the experiment with the initial cultures of algae and cyanobacteria, the maximum average length of shoots in the variant of the experiment with the Nostoc–Eustigmatos 3N:1E complex was recorded (179.18 mm); the maximum average mass of shoots – in the variant of the experiment with the Nostoc–Eustigmatos complex in a 1N:1E ratio (0.32 g). In the experiment with diluted cultures of algae and cyanobacteria, the maximum average length and mass of shoots in the variant of the experiment with the Nostoc–Eustigmatos 1N: 2E complex were noted (170.48 mm, 0.31 g). Phytoeffects varied from 11% to 167% along the length of seedlings, and from 10% to 94% according to the weight of seedlings. When using the original cultures of microalgae and cyanobacteria, the maximum phytoeffects were observed when using the Nostoc–Eustigmatos complex with a composition of 1N: 1E, when using diluted cultures, with a composition of 1N:2E. To increase the efficiency of using microalgae of the genus Eustigmatos and cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc as stimulators of the growth of cucumbers, it is recommended to use algocyanobacterial complexes Nostoc–Eustigmatos.
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在细丝状的修理 N2 cyanobacteria 的遗传工程通常包含淡水藻类的一种 sp。PCC 7120 和几另外的非聚集的种。如此的种类的集体文化和收获是相对聚集种类消费的更多的精力。为聚集种类建立一个基因转移系统，我们测试了许多种类淡水藻类的一种和 Nostoc，和识别 Nostoc muscorum FACHB244 遗传上作为能是的种操作了使用 conjugative 基因转移系统。在水的环境支持 organophosphorus 污染物质的 biodegradation，我们介绍了包含 organophosphorus 降级基因(opd ) 进淡水藻类的一种 sp 的 plasmid。由变化形式的 PCC 7120 和 Nostoc muscorum FACHB244。opd 基因被一个强壮的倡导者，驾驶 P psbA。从种类，我们获得了举办 organophosphorus 降级活动的转基因的紧张。在 25 掳 C，转基因的淡水藻类的一种和 Nostoc 紧张的整个房间的活动是 0.163 卤 0 .001 和 0.289 卤 0 .042 unit/渭 g Chl 一分别地。然而，源于基因转移的大多数殖民地没显示出活动。定序的 PCR 和 DNA 在一些殖民地在 plasmid 揭示了删除或重新整理。绿色的表示荧光灯从在淡水藻类的一种 sp 的一样的倡导者的蛋白质基因。PCC 7120 显示出类似的结果。这些结果建议有潜力与转基因的 cyanobacteria 支持 organophosphorus 污染物质的降级，高表示的转基因的殖民地的那种选择为淡水藻类的一种和 Nostoc 种类的遗传工程是重要的。第一次，我们在聚集建立了基因转移和表示系统细丝状的修理 N2 cyanobacterium。Nostoc muscorum FACHB244 的基因操作系统能在污染物质和珍贵蛋白质或代谢物的大规模生产的消除被利用。
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