Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foams Using Vegetable Oil-based polyol
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Polyurethanes can be used in many applications by modifying their properties via facile methods. Most of the polyurethanes currently used for industrial applications originated from petrochemical-based chemicals. There is a growing demand in industries to use renewable resources for polyurethanes. Vegetable oil-based polyurethanes have shown properties comparable to that of petroleum-based polyurethanes. In this research, sunflower oil was used as a renewable resource for polyurethanes. Rigid polyurethane foams were prepared using sunflower-based polyols. The polyols were synthesized via epoxidation followed by a ring-opening reaction. Epoxy number, hydroxyl number, viscosity, and spectroscopy characterizations confirm the synthesis of bio-polyol. One of the major issues in polyurethanes is their high flammability which was reduced by using flame-retardants. Two flame-retardants using melamine and diphenylphosphinic acid (DPPMA) and a phosphorous‐nitrogen intumescent flame‐retardant (2,2‐diethyl‐1,3‐propanediol phosphoryl melamine, DPPM) were synthesized and used in bio-based polyurethanes. as used as an additive flame retardant. The foams with DPPMA and DPPM showed high closed cell content ( >90%) with a high compression strength of 217 kPa and 208 kPa, respectively. The microstructure analysis of the foams using scanning electron microscopy revealed an even distribution of the pore size. The addition of DPPMA and DPPM in polyurethane foams results in the formation of a protective char layer during the flammability test and reduces the weight loss from 43% to 2.5% and 1.4% and burning time from 70 seconds to 6 seconds and 4.5 seconds, respectively. Our research suggests that sunflower oil could be a potential candidate for the polyurethane industries and DPPMA and DPPM can be used as an effective flame-retardant in these bio-based polyurethane foams.Keywords:
Blowing agent
Intumescent
Vegetable oil
Used cooking oil has been considered as an economical and sustainable material that can be used widely as a starting material in the production of polymer precursors such as polyol for polyurethane. Since the composition of fatty acids and glyceride in the structure of used cooking oil remain the same as virgin vegetable oil, used cooking oil can be synthesized using the same method. However, there are certain physicochemical modifications to the oil properties that arise during the process of oil frying's such as increases in viscosity, acid value, and color changes that will affect the conversion of used cooking oil into bio-based polyol. Thus, various pretreatment methods that can be applied to used cooking oil such as adsorption, chemical bleaching, and treatment with solvents will be reviewed in this paper. Transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol in the presence of catalyst will produce used cooking oil-based polyol which will have two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule. The formation of polyol can be confirmed with the formation of O-H peak in the FTIR spectrum during the FTIR spectroscopy analysis. This paper will also discuss the type of alcohol and catalyst used in the transesterification reaction. Used cooking oil-based polyol obtained from transesterification reaction has been reported to be comparable to the commercial polyol.
Vegetable oil
Cooking oil
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Dichloro phosphorspirol and it′s melamine salt have been synthesized using phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3),pentaerythritol(PEL) and melamine(MEL) as materials.The influence of reaction temperature,reacting time,and the mode of raw material feeding have been inspected and the optimal technological parameters have been confirmed.The results obtained above will provide valid evidence for the commercial production of intumescent flame retardant(IFR).
Intumescent
Pentaerythritol
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Intumescent
Ammonium polyphosphate
Pentaerythritol
Fireproofing
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This paper was reported a method of making intumescent flame retardant from pentaerythritol, Phosphorus oxychloride and melamine, The effects of molar ratio, reaction temperature and time on the reaction were obtained ,and the best reaction condition was established : the molar of PDD and melamine is 1:2.5, reaction temperature60°C, reaction time about 10h, the yield was 82%.
Intumescent
Pentaerythritol
Molar ratio
Reaction conditions
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Flexible PU foam was synthesized by using recycled PU foam polyol (Infrigreen) which contain 4 functionality obtained from glycolysis wasted PU foam, as a polyol. PU foam is prepared by incorporation of recycled PU foam polyol 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10wt% in petrochemical polyol (CARADOL.SA34-05) which contain 2 functionality. Triethlylenediamine (TEGOAMIN 33) was used as the gelling catalyst. Polyether modified polysiloxane (TPGAOSTAB B8715 LF2) was the surfactant. Distilled water was used as a blowing agent to generate foam. Polymeric methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) which contain 2.7 isocyanate groups/molecule was used for generate urethane linkage and carbon dioxide. The parameters investigated are characteristic time, i.e. cream time, gel time, rise time and tack free time, cell structure and cell morphology, tensile properties, compressive properties and compression set were compared with petrochemical based PU foam. It was found from the research that, cream time, gel time, rise time and tack free time, decrease with the recycled PU foam polyol content. It was also found that the incorporation of recycled PU foam polyol led to the increase in smaller cell size and large distribution of cell size. Tensile properties and compressive properties of PU foam increase with polyol functionality, including crosslink density and urea formation in PU foam. Decreasing of shape recover properties of PU foam obtained at high recycled PU foam polyol contents. This was caused by the deformation of hydrogen bonding between hard segments of PU chains. These results indicate that tensile properties and compressive properties of PU foam enhance by incorporation of recycled PU foam polyol.
Blowing agent
Isocyanate
Compression set
Carbon nanofoam
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Abstract The work used bio‐polyol from rubber seed oil for rigid polyurethane synthesis. The water was used as the only blowing agent. FTIR spectrum demonstrated the formation of polyurethanes from bio‐polyol, glycerol, isocyanate and water. The effects of water, glycerol content and NCO/OH molar ratio on properties of foam were investigated through compression strength, density, average porous radius, size and distribution of cells. The suitable recipe for materials was chosen and the cream time, the rise time and the tack free time were also determined. The rigid polyurethane foam was synthesized at water and glycerol content of 4 and 3 wt.% of polyol, molar NCO/OH ratio of 0.8 had the compressive strength of 125.11 KPa, density of 62.75 kg/m 3 and average porous radius of 237.52 μm.
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Isocyanate
Defoamer
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Flame retardant is one of auxiliary reagents of polymer material. Intumescent flame retardant(IFR) is one of non halogen, high efficiency, low smoke, low poison, which is safe to environment. Melamine phosphate(MP) is synthesized by using phosphoric acid and melamine. Contents of Nitrogen and Phosphorus are examined, and the structure of MP analyzed by using infrared spectrum(IR )and thermal degradation(TGA).The author finds out that the productivity is 95.13%, and deduces that it is an intumescent flame retardant(IFR) and it will be popular in the future market.
Intumescent
Phosphoric acid
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A novel method, epoxidation/reduction of vegetable oils, is developed to prepare bio‐based polyols for the manufacture of polyurethanes (PUs). These polyols are synthesized from castor oil (CO), epoxidized soybean oil, and epoxidized linseed oil and their molecular structures are characterized. They are used to prepare a variety of PUs, and their thermomechanical properties are compared to those of PU made with petroleum‐based polyol (P‐450). It is shown that PUs made with polyols from soybean and linseed oil exhibit higher glass transition temperatures, tensile strength, and Young's modulus and PU made with polyol from CO exhibits higher elongation at break and toughness than PU made with P‐450. However, PU made with P‐450 displays better thermal resistance because of tri‐ester structure and terminal functional groups. The method provides a versatile way to prepare bio‐polyols from vegetable oils, and it is expected to partially or completely replace petroleum‐based polyols in PUs manufacture. image
Epoxidized soybean oil
Vegetable oil
Soybean oil
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Flame retarding spraying rigid polyurethane foam(RPUF) was prepared by one-step process using new flame retarding polyether polyol,common polyether polyol,polyisocyanate,foaming stabilizer,catalyst,crosslinking agent,blowing agent and fire retardant. The effects of new flame retarding polyether polyol,catalyst,blowing agent,crosslinking agent,and fire retardant on the RPUF were discussed. Results showed that the performances of RPUF were best when the contents of new flame retarding polyether polyol,triethylenediamine as catalyst,trimerization catalyst,foaming agent,crosslinking agent and fire retardant,based on 100 parts by weight of the polyol,were 25,4,2,28,3 and 25 parts by weight,respectively.
Blowing agent
Stabilizer (aeronautics)
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