Active-site and interface engineering of cathode materials for aqueous Zn—gas batteries
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This paper compares the temperature distribution and warm up time between assembly cathode heated up by conduction and non-assembly cathode heated by radiation using the thermal analysis module of ANSYS.The results show that both of them have a uniform cathode surface temperature distribution and the temperature difference at the sleeve of assembly cathode is in proportion to the input power of its heater and that compared with the non-assembly cathode,the temperature of assembly cathode is higher at the sleeve and the cathode surface,but markedly lower at the heater.Nevertheless, non-assembly cathode starts faster;moreover,improving the emissivities of the cathode's undersurface and the heater enables the non-assembly cathode to have thermal performance similar to that of the assembly cathode.
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Energy densities of Li ion batteries, limited by the capacities of cathode materials, must increase by a factor of 2 or more to give all-electric automobiles a 300 mile driving range on a single charge. Battery chemical couples with very low equivalent weights have to be sought to produce such batteries. Advanced Li ion batteries may not be able to meet this challenge in the near term. The state-of-the-art of Li ion batteries is discussed, and the challenges of developing ultrahigh energy density rechargeable batteries are identified. Examples of ultrahigh energy density battery chemical couples include Li/O2, Li/S, Li/metal halide, and Li/metal oxide systems. Future efforts are also expected to involve all-solid-state batteries with performance similar to their liquid electrolyte counterparts, biodegradable batteries to address environmental challenges, and low-cost long cycle-life batteries for large-scale energy storage. Ultimately, energy densities of electrochemical energy storage systems are limited by chemistry constraints.
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A semitransparent cathode is proposed for an efficient operation of the relativistic magnetron (RM) with axial extraction. The semitransparent cathode is a kind of shaped cathode. It is achieved using a cylindrical cathode with longitudinal strips removed. The cross section of each removed strip is fan-shaped and all the emit strips are connected in the central area of the cathode. Results of the 3-D particle-in-cell simulations show that the using a semitransparent cathode yields similar performance benefits compared with that using the transparent cathode proposed by the University of New Mexico. Simulation results also show that output characteristics of the RM using the semitransparent cathode are insensitive to the depth and width of each cathode slot. Thus, the semitransparent cathode might be more robust for practical applications.
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Mixed metal matrix cathodes (MM-cathodes) were optimized and their life behavior was tested in different test vehicles. In two separate life test programs, 57 MM-cathodes with a W/Os matrix were investigated in test vehicle (tetrodes) where the cathode environment was similar to that of a tube. In parallel, a further 100 MM-cathodes in other types of test vehicles were operated for supplementary investigations and cathode design optimization. The operational temperatures were between 880 degrees C/sub B/ and 1200 degrees C/sub B/ (brightness). One group of cathodes was operated at constant anode voltage with an initial current density of 0.75 A/cm/sup 2/, and the other group was operated with a loading of 2 A/cm/sup 2/ for as long as the anode voltage could be adjusted. The cathodes at lower temperatures (>
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In a dispenser cathode the surface is composed of many small regions having different and individual values of work functions called "patches". The non-uniform emission results in a gradual transition from space-charge (SC) region to temperature limited (TL) region. The emission of a planar cathode is modeled using a 'top-hat' model. In practice, the convergent guns are incorporated with a spherical cathode. The above model is applied to a spherical cathode-anode system. This model can also be extended to a gun geometry provided that the field distribution across the cathode cross section is uniform. In this paper the performance of three types of cathode, viz. B-Type, Alloy-coated, and Scandate cathodes are studied. In the present model the real cathode is replaced by a fictitious cathode, having a maximum current density at θ = 0° and a minimum at the rim. The analysis shows that there exists an analogy between a planar cathode and a spherical cathode, enabling the emission current to be modeled in a manner similar to a planar cathode.
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Hollow cathode discharge and micro-hollow cathode discharge have numerous applications in the fields of industry, medical treatment, environmental protection, and analytical chemistry. However, many of them lack the typical features of hollow cathode mode, especially the applications at atmospheric pressure. In order to investigate the underlying basic science of hollow cathode discharge, the hollow cathode discharge in argon was studied by experiments. The range for the operation of the hollow cathode mode in the argon–aluminum device was quantitatively determined to be from 0.8 to 4 Torr cm, no matter how small the cathode cavity is. The atmospheric pressure operation of the hollow cathode mode was realised with the aluminum cathode of a 50 μm cavity. The hollow cathode discharges were consistent with Townsend similarity law when the anode was very close to the cathode and the value of p·D was chosen at the lower limit of the range for hollow cathode mode. In contrast, if the anode was moved a little bit far from the cathode and the value of p D was significantly increased, the results followed Allis–White scaling law. The reason for the deviation of Allis–White scaling law from Townsend similarity law was given.
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