Carbon materials for supercapacitors based on agricultural wastes
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Pyridinic-nitrogen highly doped nanotubular carbon arrays were synthesizedvia a one-step template strategy using 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene as both C/N precursors for high-performance supercapacitors.
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Most efforts to improve the energy density of supercapacitors are currently dedicated to optimized porosity or hybrid devices employing pseudocapacitive elements. Little attention has been given to the effects of the low charge carrier density of carbon on the total material capacitance. To study the effect of graphitization on the differential capacitance, carbon onion (also known as onion‐like carbon) supercapacitors are chosen. The increase in density of states (DOS) related to the low density of charge carriers in carbon materials is an important effect that leads to a substantial increase in capacitance as the electrode potential is increased. Using carbon onions as a model, it is shown that this phenomenon cannot be related only to geometric aspects but must be the result of varying graphitization. This provides a new tool to significantly improve carbon supercapacitor performance, in addition to having significant consequences for the modeling community where carbons usually are approximated to be ideal metallic conductors. Data on the structure, composition, and phase content of carbon onions are presented and the correlation between electrochemical performance and electrical resistance and graphitization is shown. Highly graphitic carbons show a stronger degree of electrochemical doping, making them very attractive for enhancing the capacitance.
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Herein, metal-free heteroatom doped carbon-based materials are being reviewed for supercapacitor and energy applications. Most of these low-cost materials considered are also derived from renewable resources. Various forms of carbon that have been employed for supercapacitor applications are described in detail, and advantages as well as disadvantages of each form are presented. Different methodologies that are being used to develop these materials are also discussed. To increase the specific capacitance, carbon-based materials are often doped with different elements. The role of doping elements on the performance of supercapacitors has been critically reviewed. It has been demonstrated that a higher content of doping elements significantly improves the supercapacitor behavior of carbon compounds. In order to attain a high percentage of elemental doping, precursors with variable ratios as well as simple modifications in the syntheses scheme have been employed. Significance of carbon-based materials doped with one and more than one heteroatom have also been presented. In addition to doping elements, other factors which play a key role in enhancing the specific capacitance values such as surface area, morphology, pore size electrolyte, and presence of functional groups on the surface of carbon-based supercapacitor materials have also been summarized.
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Abstract Nitrogen‐doped hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) are regarded as ideal supercapacitors electrode materials due to their excellent electrochemical properties. However, studies of nitrogen doping at different levels based on precise structure control are rarely reported so far. Herein, we controllably prepared hollow carbon nanospheres with carbon walls connected by a hard template method and used the difference in the number of nitrogen‐containing functional groups in the precursor to control the nitrogen doping amount of carbon nanospheres. Interestingly, with the N‐doped content increasing, the specific capacitance of supercapacitors shows accordingly upward tendency by the better electrode interface environment. Compared to the control group (lower amount nitrogen‐doping), the highest N‐contained HCSs (NIHCSs‐2) shows the best electrochemical performance (256 F g −1 ) in supercapacitors. The excellent electrochemical behaviour of NIHCSs‐2 demonstrates that hollow carbon nanospheres with high nitrogen content have great potential in electrochemical energy storage device applications.
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Polypyrrole
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Based on agricultural industry cluster,regional brands of agricultural products are formed.The agricultural industry cluster is also an effective way to increase regional brand value of agricultural products and to enhance the competitiveness of the brands.From the perspectives of agricultural research institutes,agricultural services agencies,agriculture-related administrative departments and agricultural enterprises,this thesis explores the internal mechanism though which the agricultural industry cluster enhances the competitiveness of regional brands of agricultural products.On this basis,it puts forward some strategies which are based on the agricultural industry clusters to enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products,such as transferring the regional brands of agricultural products to corporate brand,establishing interaction mechanisms of government,production,study and research,implementing the strategy of agricultural region brand umbrella and improving scientific and technological content of regional brands,thereby to increase the value of brand assets.
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Abstract Two‐dimensional (2D) graphene materials have attracted great interest as promising electrode materials in supercapacitors due to their high electrical conductivity derived from sp 2 ‐cabon network. These 2D layered materials, however, tend to stack with each other, which largely decreases the surface area. Here we report the design of highly graphitic macroporous carbon with large surface area suitable for supercapacitor applications. When benchmarked with other carbon materials, such as amorphous macroporous carbon, activated carbon, graphite or exfoliated graphene oxides, our graphitic macroporous carbon show superior capacitance.
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Abstract Carbon nanoplates with diameters and thicknesses of up to approximately 1.2 μm and 18 nm, respectively, were prepared by a reaction using CaC 2 , ferrocene, and NH 4 HCO 3 as starting materials at 600 °C for 10 h. These carbon nanoplates form aggregates that have a specific surface area of up to 831 m 2 g –1 and a specific capacitance of up to 184 F g –1 at a scanning rate of 10 mV s –1 in a 3 mol L –1 H 2 SO 4 solution. Without using NH 4 HCO 3 , hexagonal carbon nanoplates with an average edge length of 500 nm and thickness of approximately 22 nm were obtained with a specific capacitance of up to 42 F g –1 . If NaN 3 or NaHCO 3 was used instead of NH 4 HCO 3 , carbon nanoplates with a curved surface or irregular circular carbon nanoplates were obtained with specific capacitances of 87 or 36 F g –1 , respectively.
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