Spatial and social inequalities of job accessibility in Kunshan city, China: Application of the Amap API and mobile phone signaling data
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Objective :To analyze the equity of primary military health resources allocation(PMHRA) in a region by measuring the Gini coefficient. Methods:The methods of the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were adopted to analyze the allocation equity of military institutions, manpower and bed resources. Results: The Gini coefficients of military institutions ,manpower and bed resources were 0. 080 8,0. 117 7 and 0. 090 3 respectively. There were some coefficients (coefficient of epidemic-prevention manpower) exceeding 0. 35 in some unit level,which was close to inequity;the inequity was severer than that of the region level. Conclusion:The PMHRA is equitable at region level, but the institution,manpower and bed resources allocation irrational at corps level.
Equity
Lorenz curve
Apportionment
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Equity in access to and utilization of health services is a common goal of policy-makers in most countries. The fair allocation of human resources is one of the dimensions of equity, which was evaluated in this study.
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Christian ministry
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Objectives To provide scientific bases of the implementation of regional health planning and the optimization of health resources allocation,based on the analysis of the allocation status of health resources.Methods Analyzing health resources allocation situation and equity in Sichuan province using Lorenz curve,Gini coefficient,Theil index and HRDI.Results Gini coefficient of health resources per thousand population based on population distribution lied between0.14~0.30.The equity of clinical bed was superior to health staff.Gini coefficient based on geographic distribution lied between 0.60~0.74,which showed an inequeity of resources allocation.Gini coefficient based on HRDI lied between 0.21~0.45,and a marked difference was found in registered nurses.Conclusions Health resource allocation based on geographic distribution is better than that based on population distribution.The equity of hardware resources allocation is better than software resources allocation.The inequity of health resources allocation is mainly between three categories of regions.
Lorenz curve
Equity
Theil index
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Objective To assess the equity of health resources configuration in Zhejiang,and provide references for regional health planning.Methods The Lorenz curve,Gini coefficient and Theil index were used to calculate and analyze.Results The Gini coefficient in 2009-2011 calculated by population density was between 0.330～0.343,which meant comparatively rational.The main reason of inequity configuration for hospital beds and nurses was inter-regional difference.Conclusion The Theil index could remedy the disadvantage that Gini coefficient could not reflex the total inequity was brought up by inter-regional or intra-regional difference.The health resource configuration should based on population health need and health service demand.
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Health resource; Equity; Gini coefficient; Theil index
Theil index
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Objective
Measure the variation trend and the problems of bed allocation and its equity at primary medical institutions and provide theoretical basis for optimizing the policy of health resources allocation for the government.
Methods
Analysis of the distribution and equity of the inpatient beds at primary medical institutions in terms of geographical area by means of the survey of regular overall statistics forms and the methods of Gini coefficient and Theil index.
Results
From 2009 to 2012, the number increase of beds at such institutions geographically was 7.72%, while that in eastern, central and western regions of China were respectively 5.35%, 3.97%and 27.88%.The number increase at community healthcare centers was 46.58%, while that in eastern, central and western regions of the country were respectively 18.09%, 29.57%和81.53%.The number increase at township hospitals was 2.33%, while that in eastern, central and western regions were respectively -3.83%, -0.43%and 22%.The Gini coefficient of bed allocation at such institutions was beyond 0.6, while that in eastern, central and western regions were respectively under 0.3, 0.3-0.4 and 0.6 above.The Gini coefficient of bed allocation at community healthcare centers fell from above 0.4 to under 0.4.The Gini coefficient in the western regions increased from 0.3-0.4 to over 0.4.The variation trend of township hospitals was similar with the overall conditions at such institutions.The intra-regional Theil indexes and their contribution rates of bed allocation at such institutions were higher than those of inter-regional.
Conclusions
The overall variation trend of bed allocation at such institutions was on the rise, yet its variation trend of equity remains unchanged.The bed allocation and its equity at such institutions were higher than those at township hospitals.The growth rate in western regions was the highest, but the absolute number was the lowest.Moreover, the equity of bed allocation in such regions was not only the lowest, but also was found rising.The influence of bed allocation in intra-region terms was large, while its equity was not only lower but falling as well.
Key words:
Primary medical institutions; Bed; Equity; Community healthcare centers; Township hospital
Theil index
Equity
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Objective: To analyze the equity of the allocation of health resources in 14 cities in Guangxi Autonomous Region.Methods: The equity of the allocation of government health spending,hospital beds,doctors and nurses by population and geography were analyzed by using Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient.Results: The Gini coefficient of government health spending,hospital beds,doctors and nurses by population was 0.340 6,0.445 6,0.367 6 and 0.404 2 respectively,and the Gini coefficient by geography was 0.583 0,0.584 9,0.540 4 and 0.581 2 respectively.Conclusion: The equity of medical resources allocation in 14 cities in Guangxi Autonomous is poor,and the equity by population is better than that by geography.The equity of allocation of doctors is better than nurses,and that of hospital beds is the poorest.The government should increase the quantity of health resources and constantly improve the allocation equity.
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Objective To evaluate the equity of health resource allocation in Zhejiang province. Methods Statistics descriptive method,Lorenz curve,and Gini coefficient were applied to assess the equity of health resource allocation in Zhejiang based on the number of medical institutes,medical staff,technologists,doctors and registered nurses. Results The Gini coefficient ranged demographically and geographically from 0.100.18and from 0.07-0.26in 2011.The Gini coefficient was the lowest in the year of 2006to 2011 which showed a fairest condition,but the Gini coefficient of registered nurse showed an up ward trend. Conclusions The equity of health resource allocation in Zhejiang is relatively fair and rational,especially in demographical allocation,in which only the allocation of registered nurses needs to be optimized.
Equity
Lorenz curve
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Objective The paper was designed to assess the equity level of community health services resources allocation according to the population and the geography of Shenzhen.Methods Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were applied.Results According to the population,the equity of the health manpower,organizations and equipments of community health service was better,and their Gini coefficients were 0.216,0.129 and 0.183 respectively.According to the geography,the equity of resources allocation was lower;especially the Gini coefficient of manpower was 0.459.Conclusion The equity of resource allocation of community health service in Shenzhen was good as a whole,but health policy-makers should pay more attention on the geographical equity of health manpower resource allocation.
Lorenz curve
Equity
Community Health
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Objectives To investigate the status of equipment allocation among the seven districts of Wuhan City and analyse the equity of allocation. Methods All of community health service(CHS)organizations were investigated by using questionnaires, and the Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient were applied to analyze the equity of equipment allocation according to the population and geography. Results For CHS centers, the equity is quite well according to population, but for the equipments that valued 1 000 to 5 000 Yuan and more than 10000 Yuan, the Gini coefficient according to geography were 0.4073 and 0.4017 respectively. For CHS stations, the equity is not so good, the Gini coefficient of the equipments that valued 1 000 to 5 000 Yuan and more than 10 000 Yuan according to population were 0.4437 and 0.4908 respectively, and for the equipment valued over 10 000 Yuan, Gini coefficient even reached 0.5840. Regarding to different districts, Jiangan district is lack of all kinds of equipments, however, for Qingshan district, the allocation is relatively reasonable and with balance.
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Lorenz curve
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The equitable distribution of docked bikeshare is an important issue for transportation decision-makers. Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves can be used to study transportation inequality. This study used these methods to achieve three outcomes. First, this study identified a gap in bikeshare equity literature and provided a more nuanced measure of bikeshare supply to better evaluate how well bikeshare meets demand. Second, the updated measure of distributional equity was used to evaluate bikeshare equity in Washington, DC. Third, using historical trip data, the Gini coefficient calculations indicated which trip types are better served. Comparison of the results highlighted a potential conflict in program goals: equity versus supporting existing bikeshare members. Policy feedback may bias this trade-off in favor of members, reinforcing spatial inequalities. Overall, this paper further demonstrated how Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves can be useful tools for evaluating inequality in transportation systems.
Lorenz curve
Equity
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