Effects of high water temperature on physiology, survival, and resistance to high temperature air-exposure in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum
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Ruditapes
Hepatopancreas
Ruditapes philippinarum,which is naturally distributed along the coast of the Pacific and India Oceans,is one of the most popular shellfish cultured in China and many parts of the world.China is the world's largest producer of Ruditapes philippinarum.Some inappropriate ways of aquaculture,however,have resulted in the worsening of environment,which would restrict and endanger the development of aquaculture.The study of carrying capacity may resolve the problem of ecosystem by overstocking, so the study on carrying capacity of cultured tidal shellfish is very necessary.The carrying capacity for shellfish Ruditapes philippinarum that cultured in the Rushan Bay was estimated by calculating the demand for and the supply of organic carbon produced by primary production.Ingestion rate of filter-ingestion animals and other field data were used for model validation.The results showed that the highest carrying capacity of the bay for the Ruditapes philippinarum occurred in October and the lowest in August in tidal cultured areas among different shell length.The average carrying capacity of the bay for the Ruditapes philippinarum with the shell length of 1.5-2.5 cm was 2 692 ind·m-2 and still in suitable opportunity,the shell length of 2.5-3.5 cm was 1 157 ind·m-2 and near the actual culture density,and the shell length above 3.5 cm was 697 ind·m-2 and over the best culture density.
Ruditapes
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We studied the bioaccumulation characteristics and antioxidant enzymes activity changes of Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum under the exposure to cadmium( Cd) and copper( Cu). The bioconcentrations of Cd and Cu in gill and hepatopancreas of R.philippinarum showed obvious time and dose dependent responses. The clam showed higher bioaccumulation ability on Cd than that of Cu,and the heavy metal concentrations in hepatopancreas were greater than those in gill. Additionally,the activities of superoxide dismutase( SOD),glutathione peroxidases( GPx) and glutathione stransferases( GST) were significantly promoted in hepatopancreas and gill of R. philippinarum at different concentrations and time intervals( P 0. 05),while the activities of SOD and GST were significantly inhibited at high concentrations of Cd and Cu( P 0. 05). The activities of GPx recovered to the original level with the time progressed. Taken together,the changes of SOD and GST activities in hepatopancreas and gills of R. philippinarum could be considered as potential biomarkers for copper and cadmium contamination in the marine environment.
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Hepatopancreas
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Based on the detected data of the content of Cd,Cu,Pb and Cr in 90 samples of four shellfish species in Guangdong coast from June 2007 to September 2007,the accumulation and distribution of heavy metal in shellfish were studied,and the safety and healthy quality of shellfish were evaluated.The results were obtained as follows:(1) The average content of heavy metal contents in Ruditapes philippinarum is CuCdCrPb,in Crassostrea gigas and C.rivularis is CuCdPbCr,in Perna viridis is CuPbCdCr;(2) R.philippinarum,G.gigas and P.viridis have not been polluted by heavy metals,but the contents of Cd and Cu in some C.rivularis highly exceeded the limit standard of non-environmental pollution food,the limit for the deleterious matters in the aquatic product.We should pay attention to this issue.
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Perna viridis
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Sand Elimination in Shortnecked clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, Harvested from Western Coast of Korea
Shortnecked clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, is one of the very important shellfish produced in south-western coast of Korea. But it's ready to be polluted and have sand in flesh because it mainly inhabit in silt at the inside of coastal area. This study was carried out to obtain informations about the elimination of sand in shortnecked clam harvested from western coast of Korea. During rearing shortnecked clams in water tank, the elimination rates of sand from them at 6, 13, 23, were 59.0, 88.2, 97.9, after 48 hours, respectively. The sand was eliminated above from the shellfish at 32,9 to of salinity after 48 hours. But the sand elimination from them was incomplete and inconsistent at 10 to 20 of salinity. The sand was eliminated rapidly at pH 1.9 to 9.0 however, its elimination was not effective at neutral or acidity range, It was found that the sand elimination was most effective at salinty and pH 9.0. Reasonable flow rate for sand eliminate in shortnecked clam was above 150 L/min./shellfish under both 3,000 and 4,000 L/shellfish , and above 100 L/min,/shellfish under both 6,000 and 8,000 L/shellfish in water tank.
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Silt
Flesh
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In order to understand the status of mercury pollution in the shellfish of Qingdao City,and mercury health risk for the population via consumption of shellfish production,a total of 181 samples for 8 types of shellfish including Ruditapes philippinarum,Argopectens irradias,Meretrix meretrix L,Sinonovacula,Haliotis asinine,Busycon canaliculatu,Ostrea riuularis Gould,Neptunea arthritica cumingii Crosse,were collected from the markets of 8 administrative regions in Qingdao from October in 2012 to April in 2013. The mercury contents in the shellfish samples were determined by the cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The range of mercury contents in all the kinds of shellfish was from 0.001 mg·kg-1to 0.098 mg·kg-1. The average mercury content in Ruditapes philippinarum,Argopectens irradias,Meretrix meretrix L,Sinonovacula,Haliotis asinina Busycon canaliculatu,Ostrea riuularis Gould,Neptunea arthritica cumingii Crosse was 0.02,0.039,0.012,0. 013,0.031,0.030,0.021,0.020 mg·kg-1,respectively. Among the production areas of shellfish in Qingdao,the samples from Hong Island had the highest average mercury content of 0.046mg·kg-1,followed by that from Longkou of 0.027 mg·kg-1. Shellfish samples from Rushan and Rizhao had the lowest mercury contents, which were 0. 002 mg·kg-1and 0. 003 mg·kg-1,respectively. The mercury concentrations were under the limit of national permitted levels in foods( GB 2762—2012,0.5 mg·kg-1). The results of the assessments of mercury intake indicated that the amount of mercury intake through consumption of shellfish was far below the acceptable daily intakerecommended by FAO /WHO. However,the calculation results of the target hazard quotient( THQ)based on the new reference dose set by US Environmental Protection Agency showed that there was high mercury health risk for children living in the target areas through the exposure path of the consumption of shellfish products.
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Mercury
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Hepatopancreas
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Ruditapes
Hepatopancreas
KEGG
Paralichthys
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The shellfish resources survey of intertidal zone of Duliujian river estuary in Tianjin was carried out in september 2008 and 2013, respectively. The results show that the shellfish species in this area included 2 classes, 3 subclasses, 4 orders, 12 families and 18 species, among these species, the economic values of Ruditapes philippinarum and Cyclina sinensis distributed mainly in the middle tidal zone were higher, and the habitat densities of two species were 112.7 ind /m2 and 12.0 ind / m2, the average biomass was 334.1 g/m2 and 86.0 g/m2, and the commodity rates were 36.4% and 22.2%, respectively. The shellfish of this area in 2008 was 15 species, and Ruditapes philippinarum and Cyclina sinensis were not found. The high densities of Ruditapes philippinarum and Cyclina sinensis were closely related to enhancement and release of shellfish in surrounding waters in recent years.
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In many regions,the marine environment is contaminated with cadmium(Cd),a toxic but widely used industry material.Because shellfish live in the benthos and have a relatively fixed location,their health is largely dependant on the quality of the surrounding environment.A number of researchers have reported finding heavy metals in shellfish samples.Given the importance of shellfish in China,we measured levels of Cd contamination in 5 shellfish species: Crassostrea rivularis,C.gigas,Ruditapes Philippinarum,Perna viridis,and Meretrix meretrix collected from the coast of the South China Sea in 2007 and 2009.We measured the Cd content and evaluated the dietary exposure to Cd from shellfish using the point estimate method.We found significant differ-ences in Cd content among shellfish species.Mean concentrations were 1.80,0.38,0.26,0.15,and 0.12 mg.kg?1 in C.rivularis,C.gigas,P.viridis,M.meretrix,and R.Philippinarum,respectively(range 0.92?2.39 mg.kg?1,0.31?0.46 mg.kg?1,0.21?0.30 mg.kg?1,0.08?0.22 mg.kg?1,and 0.10?0.13 mg.kg?1,respectively).The distribution and seasonal variation in Cd content was correlated with marine environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen,salinity,and temperature.The Cd concentration was higher than the limit for deleterious material by non-environmental pollution of aquatic products in C.rivularis.Conversely,Cd levels were below this limit in the remaining species.In comparison,the levels of Cd were lower than foreign limits for all species.A comparison with survey data collected from other coastal areas in past years suggests the current levels of Cd are within a normal range.Based on our risk assessment,dietary exposure to Cd from consumption of C.rivularis exceeds levels recommended by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA),suggesting there is a risk to hu-man health.Conversely,the other 4 shellfish species likely pose no risk as the Cd levels were lower than the val-ues recommended by JECFA.The ratio of Cd∶Zn was much lower in C.rivularis than the suggested critical value of 0.015 proposed by some authors as effectively providing protection from Cd induced health impacts.Increased intake of bioavailable zinc from C.rivularis reduces excessive cadmium absorption.Therefore,con-sumption of C.rivularis likely does not pose a risk to human health.
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Perna viridis
Cockle
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