Fabrication and Characterization of W/O/W Emulgels by Sipunculus nudus Salt-Soluble Proteins: Co-Encapsulation of Vitamin C and β-Carotene
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Abstract:
W/O/W emulsions can be used to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive as nutritional products. However, studies on protein stabilized gel-like W/O/W emulsions have rarely been reported, compared to the liquid state multiple emulsions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different oil-water ratios on the stability of W/O/W emulgels fabricated with salt-soluble proteins (SSPs) of Sipunculus nudus. The physical stability, structural characteristics, rheological properties, and encapsulation stability of vitamin C and β-carotene of double emulgels were investigated. The addition of W/O primary emulsion was determined to be 10% after the characterization of the morphology of double emulsion. The results of microstructure and rheological properties showed that the stability of W/O/W emulgels increased with the increasing concentration of SSPs. Additionally, the encapsulation efficiency of vitamin C and β-carotene were more than 87%, and 99%, respectively, and still could maintain around 50% retention of the antioxidant capacity after storage for 28 days at 4 °C. The aforementioned findings demonstrate that stable W/O/W emulgels are a viable option for active ingredients with an improvement in shelf stability and protection of functional activity.Keywords:
Carotene
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I. The carotene and vitamin A levels of liver, pancreas and body fat were determined in seventeen Ghanaians coming from areas where carotene-rich foods were freely available. 2. The liver was confirmed as the main storehouse of vitamin A, and vitamin A values for it were exceptionally high. Values for the other tissues were not higher than average. 3. In the study the carotene and vitamin A concentrations in the liver were higher in the females than in the males. 4. Under the conditions of high intake of carotene-rich foods, carotene was found to be distributed more evenly in various tissues than vitamin A.
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Abstract We have studied the metabolism (absorption) of β‐carotene and vitamin E by assigning eleven volunteers to receive daily two capsules of OENOBIOL, each containing 15 mg of β‐carotene and 15 mg of vitamin E, over 60 days. The β‐carotene, vitamin E and vitamin A plasma levels were then determined using new methods developed in our laboratory. After two months, the actively treated group's median β‐carotene and vitamin E levels were significantly higher than those of a control group. However, no significant change between treated and control groups in the mean of vitamin A (retinol) plasma levels were observed. Treatment with β‐carotene, a vitamin A precursor, does not significantly modify the vitamin A levels. This conclusion had already been observed and it is assumed that a plasma level of β‐carotene equal or higher than 0.3 mg/L reflects a nutritional intake of provitamins sufficient to support homeostasis of retinol (Brubacher et al ., 1982).
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Graded levels, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mcg. of carotene from artificially dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal or, 8, 16, 24 and 32 mcg. of vitamin A from a dry carrier per lb. of live weight per day were added to vitamin A depletion rations of 24 lambs and 32 pigs, partially depleted of their vitamin A stores, for a period of 6 weeks duration. Daily gains were not affected. Plasma vitamin A concentrations increased at diminishing rates and liver vitamin A concentrations increased at essentially constant rates with increasing intakes of carotene or vitamin A. Liver vitamin A was transformed to logarithms to minimize variances and along with plasma vitamin A resulted in essentially linear regressions on logarithms of intake. A greater rate of response with increasing vitamin A intake than with increasing carotene intake was observed. The relative values of carotene to vitamin A were determined from these linear regressions. Based on plasma vitamin A, the following carotene to vitamin A (alcohol) ratios on a weight basis were found: At the 40 mcg. carotene intake level, for the lambs 8:1 and for the pigs 6:1; at 80 mcg., respectively, 9:1 and 7:1; at 160 mcg., 11:1 and 9:1; and at 320 mcg., 13:1 and 11:1. Similar values based on log liver vitamin A were: At the 40 mcg. carotene intake level, 6:1 and 4:1; at 80 mcg., 8:1 and 5:1; at 160 mcg., 10:1 and 7:1; and at 320 mcg., 13:1 and 9:1.
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Steers were individually fed varying amounts of carotene in accord to body weight for 110 days. Hepatic carotene retention did not prove to be indicative of carotene intake. While 7.54 mg of dietary carotene was necessary to maintain initial hepatic vitamin A content, liver vitamin A storage was not a linear function of the amount of carotene consumed. All animals were then fed similar amounts of carotene based on body weight. While vitamin A retention was related to previous carotene intake as well as the initial liver vitamin A content, hepatic carotene retention was related only to the initial liver carotene content. In a second study, heifers were pretreated with varying amounts of preformed vitamin A and fed a carotene-vitamin A free ration for 61 days. The initial liver concentration of vitamin A greatly influenced the magnitude of liver vitamin A expenditure. However, all animals lost a similar percentage of their initial hepatic vitamin A content.
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To investigate the variation of vitamin A or carotene in plasma and liver, a certain amount of vitamin A and carotene were administered to the vitamin A deficiency rats successively.Experimental methods followed mostly report I. The results showed that in vitamin A administered group, there was some increase vitamin A in liver storage and plasma levels but in carotene group there was recognized any appreciable increase of vitamin A in liver and plasma under the experimental conditions.
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Blood plasma
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Carotene
Provitamin
beta-Carotene
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DURING the course of some experiments on the conversion of carotene to vitamin A by the chick, a study was made of the changes in carotene and vitamin A content of several tissues following administration of carotene. The investigation consisted essentially of two experiments, one in which the carotene was given orally as an aqueous suspension containing Tween 60, and the other in which the carotene was given by cardiac injection as a suspension in chick plasma. With regard to the second experiment, Crook and El-Marsafy (1954) and Krinsky et al. (1956) have shown that, in human blood, carotene is bound to plasma proteins, and Ganguly et al. (1952) have suggested that the small amount of carotenoid pigments in chicken blood are similarly bound. The availability of the carotene in the protein complex for vitamin A synthesis is unknown, but if it were readily available to the chick the carotene-protein …
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