Comparing Essentiality of SOS1-Mediated Na+ Exclusion in Salinity Tolerance between Cultivated and Wild Rice Species
Babar ShahzadLana ShabalaMeixue ZhouGayatri VenkataramanCelymar SolisDavid PageZhong‐Hua ChenSergey Shabala
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Soil salinity is a major constraint that affects plant growth and development. Rice is a staple food for more than half of the human population but is extremely sensitive to salinity. Among the several known mechanisms, the ability of the plant to exclude cytosolic NaThese experiments were carried out in the marine culture breeding field of Haiwei,Leizhou,from May to June of 2013.In the condition of controlled sea salinity,the effects of salinity on the growth and survival of Pinctada margaritifera larvae and juveniles are studied.The results show that the suitable salinity for the survival of Straight larvae is 22.85 – 38.86,the most suitable salinity is 27.19 – 35.02;the suitable salinity of growth is 20.43 – 41.23,and the most suitable salinity is 31.10.the suitable salinity for survival of D larvaeis 23.10 – 39.14,and the most suitable salinity is 27.19 – 35.02;the suitable salinity for growth is 20.29 – 40.09,and the most suitable salinity is 31.10 – 35.02.the suitable salinity for the survival of juvenils is 20.64 – 39.10,the most suitable salinity is 27.19 – 35.02;the suitable salinity for growth is 19.38 – 41.30and the most suitable salinity is 27.19 – 31.10..
Temperature salinity diagrams
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The effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum were examined under the laboratory conditions.Exposed in 28 different combinations of temperature(15～30 ℃) and salinity(0～35),G.instriatum was exhibited the maximum growth at a combination of 20 ℃ and a salinity of 25.The optimum growth was observed at temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 ℃ and at salinities from 20 to 25.The resistance to low and high temperatures was increased under optimum salinity and vice versa.The organism could not grow at the salinity of 0 at all temperatures,but grew at the salinity of 10 at temperatures between 20 and 25 ℃.It is noteworthy that G.instriatum is an euryhaline organism and can live under low salinity.It might be the important reason why its blooms generally occurred in the estuaries with low salinity.
Euryhaline
Temperature salinity diagrams
Dinoflagellate
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The production of soybean (Glycine max L.) has doubled in the last two decades. It is now being grown on both traditional arable lands and on marginal soils, including saline soils, in various parts of the world. Most research on crop tolerance to salinity has been performed using soils with stable levels of salinity. However, there are soils that undergo sudden increases in topsoil salinity for short periods of time. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of stable salinity concentrations with peaks of salinity for their effects on soybean vegetative growth, grain yield, and the accumulation of chlorides. The response of soybean growth was evaluated in pot experiments with the following treatments: Control (non saline soil), soil salinity level of 0.4 S m-1 (0.4S) or 0.8 S m-1 (0.8S), and soil subjected to salinity peaks of 0.4 S m-1 (0.4P) and 0.8 S m-1 (0.8P). The salinity levels were obtained by application of saline irrigation water. Soybean responded differently to stable salinity levels versus peaks of salinity. When salinity was a permanent stress factor, regardless of the salinity level (i.e. 0.4 and 0.8 S m-1), biomass production and differentiation of reproductive organs was greatly affected. For 0.8S treated plants, they never reached the reproductive phase. Conversely, only small differences in growth data were found between 0.4P and Control treatments, although an 80% decrease in yield was associated with the 0.4P treatment. To obtain a reasonable soybean yield, a leaf chloride concentration of 1 mg g-1 of Cl- in dry matter should be considered a maximum threshold.
Topsoil
Saline water
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The salinity tolerance of Huangxuan No.1 Portunus trituberculatus was investigated in controlled temporary water by including sudden and gradual changes in salinity. The results showed that the LD50 values of crab larvae at Stage Ⅱ for 24h,48h,72h tolerance to low-salinity were 21.655,22.109,23.184,respectively, and for tolerance to high-salinity were 50.711,50.061,49.612 respectively.The LD50 values of 80-day crabs for 24,48,72h tolerance to low-salinity were 5.13,7.49,8.56,respectively,and for tolerance to high-salinity were 54.49,52.74,52.21 respectively. Crab larvae at Stage Ⅱ can survive in 6.7 low-salinity water by gradual salinity decrease,and can survive in 47.7 high-salinity water by gradual salinity increase.While 80-day crabs can survive in 5.7 low-salinity water by gradual salinity decrease,and can survive in 47.7 high-salinity water by gradual salinity increase. Therefore,Huangxuan No.1 P. trituberculatus has a strong salinity tolerability.
Portunus trituberculatus
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Tolerance of young fish of large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea,under different low salinity conditions were studied by performing experiments of acute and gradient salinity changing.The young large yellow croaker had low lethality rates within the first 72 h after they were transferred directly from sea water(salinity of 27.2) to water with salinity from 3 to 24.A survival rate of 72% was calculated within the first 72 h after they were transferred directly from sea water to water with salinity of 2.The deaths began at 3 h after transfer and the majority of the fish had died within 24 h after they were transferred directly from sea water to water with salinity of 1;afterwards all of the fish had died within 6 h after they were transferred directly from sea water to fresh water.While the young fish of large yellow croaker were transferred directly from sea water to water with salinity of 6 and after then the water salinity declined with different speeds,their mortality had no significant difference with the results in the experiments of acute salinity changing when the water salinity was higher than 3,and their mortality was lower than that of the experiments of acute salinity changing when the water salinity was below 2.The results showed that in fact young fish of large yellow croaker are able to tolerant certain level of low salinity stress.
Fresh water
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Under the water temperature that ranges between 28.6 and 29.5℃ and pH 8.2,the growth and survival of Hemifusus tuba juveniles [shells high(19.5±1.23) mm,weight(661.4±48.6) mg] at different salinity were studied.The goal is to find out the range of optimal survival salinity and optimal growth salinity to H.tuba juveniles by two-point method.The results show that the suitable survival salinity and optimal survival salinity are 17.7‰ 40.8‰ and 25.1‰ 35.9‰,and that the growth suitable salinity and growth optimal salinity were 17.5 39.9‰ and 27.8 33.2‰,respectively.In the range of growth optimal salinity,the average daily growth rate of shells and weight were 0.358 0.397 mm.d 1 and 44.64 49.09 mg.d 1,respectively.The survival rate and the average daily growth rate of shells fell obviously when the range of salinity optimal survival salinity was exceeded.Moreover,the tolerance of salinity by H.tuba Juvenile was related to the original environmental salinity.The survival rate was 84.0% in 72h when the juveniles were adapted for 20d in the salinity of 17.0‰ and then transported to the salinity of 14.0‰,and the survival rate was 96.0% when the juveniles were adapted for 20d in the salinity of then transported to the salinity of 45.0‰.However,the survival rates were 8.0% and zero in 72h when the juveniles were transported from the salinity of 30.5‰ to 14.0‰ and 45.0‰,respectively.Both the suitable range and the tolerance of salinity can be increased when the juvenile was domesticated in gradually changing conditions.
Temperature salinity diagrams
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Plant productivity is limited on an estimated one third of the irrigated land in the
world or approximately 4 x 10? ha by soluble salt accumulations in the soil, often
referred to as soil salinity or salinity. As irrigated agriculture expands, more salinity
problems will develop because there are millions of hectares of potentially irrigable
land that could become saline. Every year new salinity problem areas develop and are
identified. Salinity is the most important problem facing irrigated agriculture, and
solving salinity problems is one of the greatest challenges to agricultural scientists.
Much research has been conducted during the past 30 to 40 years to determine the
relative tolerance of crops to salinity. Most of the salinity tolerance data available
through the early 1960s was compiled into useful relationships by Bernstein in 1964,
and these data have been cited and applied throughout the world. Since then, many
new salinity tolerance studies have been conducted, and many new management practices
have been proposed, evaluated, and some of them practiced to reclaim salt-affected
soils for improved crop production. Recently, Maas and Hoffman evaluated
existing salinity tolerance data for agricultural crops and presented the data graphically
so that the relative tolerance among crops could be easily compared.
Dryland salinity
Hectare
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When temperature and PH ranged between 26.8-31.8℃,7.8-8.1 respectively,studying effectss of various seawater salinities on growth and survival of juveniles of Lutraria sieboldii were investigated by adopting indoor control measures,by setting ten salinity gradients ranged between 12.8-37.1.The results showed that the salinity suitable for survival is 19.8~33.8,of which the optimum is 26.3-31.7,the salinity suitable for growth is 21.9-33.7,of which the optimum is 26.3-29.0,the suitable survival salinity is 19.8-33.8,the optimum survival salinity is 26.3-31.7,the suitable growth salinity is 21.9-33.7,the optimum growth salinity is 26.3-29.0.
Adaptability
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The influence of salinity on the growth of Phaeocystis globosa was studied.Ten salinity levels were designed for the experiment.The results showed that the adaptable salinity was between 8～32psu.The growth rates were increased with the salinity adding,and the optimal salinity for the algae growth was 16 psu.On the contrary,the algae's growth was limited when the salinity was lower than 8 psu or higher than 32 psu.However,the Phaeocystis globosa can survived even at 0 psu salinity conditions.Furthermore,cell surface topography for different salinity was compared at 0 psu and 36 psu respectively by AFM.The result showed that the cell size of the former was bigger than that of the latter at the corresponding period.Besides,the cell surface of the latter was obviously dented.
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Temperature salinity diagrams
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