Peer Review #2 of "Identification and quantification of flavonoids in 207 cultivated lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and their contribution to different colors (v0.1)"
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Abstract:
Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a large economic crop, which is also cultivated as a horticultural crop.This study performed a systematic qualitative and quantitative determination of five anthocyanins and 18 non-anthocyanin flavonoids from the petals of 207 lotus cultivars.Among the compounds identified in this study, quercetin 3-O-pentoseglucuronide, quercetin 7-O-glucoside, laricitrin 3-O-hexose, and laricitrin 3-O-glucuronide were discovered for the first time in sacred lotus.The relationships between these pigments and petals colors were also evaluated.A decrease in the total content of anthocyanins and increase in the content of myricetin 3-O-glucuronide resulted in a lighter flower color.Furthermore, petals were yellow when the content of quercetin 3-Oneohesperidoside and myricetin 3-O-glucuronide were increased, whereas petals were red when the total anthocyanin content was high and the quercetin 3-O-sambubioside content was low.These investigations contribute to the understanding of mechanisms that underlie the development of flower color and provide a solid theoretical basis for the further study of sacred lotus.Keywords:
Nelumbo Nucifera
Identification
Lotus effect
To study the compositions of alkaloids in six inedible parts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn,the alkaloids of lotus leaf,lotus plumule,lotus seed pot,lotus rhizome node,lotus seed epicarp,and lotus rhizome epicarp were extracted by ethanol water and then the extracts were analysed by HPLC,respectively.Results showed that there were five kinds of akaloids in the extract of lotus plumule,and four of them were liensinine,isoliensinine,neciferine and neferine.The extracts of the other five parts had the similar compositions of alkaloids dominant by 6 to 8 kinds of alkaloids.The content of nuciferine in lotus leaf was the highest,reaching 149.64 μg/g,while the contents of liensinine,isoliensinine,and neferine in lotus plumule were the highest with 457.76,6155.85,and 1420.90 μg/g,respectively.It can be inferred that there are 5 to 8 kinds of alkaloids in the six inedible parts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn,thus should be well developed and utilized in production.
Nelumbo Nucifera
Lotus effect
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WT5”,6BZ]The main storage nutritions changed in germinating stiff lotus were studied. The results showed that reducing sugar, soluble protein, starch and water contents in hard stiff lotus were successively lower than those in middle stiff lotus and CK. Starch, soluble protein and water contents in both stiff lotus and CK were all decreased during germinating, while reducing sugar were increased. Reducing sugar content in hard stiff lotus was continuousely about 50% of it in CK.
Nelumbo Nucifera
Lotus effect
Reducing sugar
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Lotus leaves are the main medicinal parts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, which is widely distributed in East Asia, especially in China. It contains a variety of chemical activation components. Among them, alkaloids are considered to be the most relevant ingredient for its bioactivity. This article mainly introduces the structure of alkaloids isolated from Lotus leaves and their pharmacological activities, such as anti-obesity, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, anti-diabetic activities.
Nelumbo Nucifera
Lotus effect
Ingredient
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Hepatoprotection
Astragalin
Lotus effect
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The traditional use of lotus leaves as an anti-inflammatory remedy is associated with the occurrence of phenolic compounds. In this study the first CE method for the analysis of all major phenolic constituents in Nelumbo nucifera leaves is presented. It permits the separation of nine relevant markers in less than 10 min. The optimized procedure was fully validated and then used to analyze diverse samples collected in Vietnam. They revealed significant qualitative and quantitative differences depending on growing area and season. Yet, in all of them, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin were the most dominant flavonoids.
Nelumbo Nucifera
Hyperoside
Lotus effect
Quantitative Analysis
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ABSTRACT Owing to the high degree of diversity of metabolite pools and complexity of spatial and temporal distributions within biological tissues, currently available methods for metabolite characterization face large challenges. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of the alkaloid components of the medicinal plant lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) were investigated over various growth phases. The results showed that alkaloid biosynthesis in lotus leaf is regulated by development and that there is maximum accumulation of alkaloids when the lotus leaf was completely expanded. Furthermore, alkaloid content tended to be stable in mature lotus leaves. However, there was significant variation in the alkaloid content of lotus leaves with different genotypes, suggesting that genetic background is an important factor that affects the temporal and spatial distributions of alkaloids in sacred lotus leaves. The dynamic contents of alkaloids during the growth and development of lotus leaves provide insight into basic biological differences when sampling.
Nelumbo Nucifera
Lotus effect
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연잎효과는 연꽃의 잎에서 규명된 현상으로 표피세포에서 기원하는 미세구조에 의해 물방울이 잎 표면이나 내부조직에 침투하지 않고 경사면으로 흘러내리며 표면 위 먼지나 이물질을 함께 떨어지게 한다. 잎 표면을 항상 깨끗한 상태로 유지하는 자기정화 능력인 연잎효과에 대해서는 여러 영역에서 연구되고 다방면으로 응용되고 있으나 구조적인 측면에서 연잎을 생장단계별 또는 표피조직 부위별로 비교 조사한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 연잎과 줄기를 대상으로 생장단계별, 부위별 표피조직의 미세 표면구조를 연구하여 연잎효과 표면 특성을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 조사된 연잎효과는 미세돌기와 왁스결정체가 발달한 잎의 상피조직에서만 나타나고, 왁스결정체만 발달한 하피 및 줄기의 표피조직에서는 확인되지 않았다. 이는 미세돌기의 발달이 연잎효과를 나타내는데 가장 중요한 요인이고, 왁스결정체가 돌기표면 위에 축적되면 연잎효과는 더 증가하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. The cell surface sculpture of the plant epidermis has received great interest recently. It has also been an active area of research, as the biological microstructures of the surface, such as papillae and waxes, exhibit several unique properties, including self-cleaning character; namely the "Lotus effect" first described in the leaves of the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera. The Lotus effect is the phenomenon in which the super-hydrophobic and water-repellent nature of lotus leaves allow water drops to run off easily on the surface in a rolling and sliding motion thereby facilitating the removal of dirt particles. It is well-known that surface roughness on the micro- and nanoscale is a primary characteristic allowing for the Lotus effect. This effect is common among plants and is of great technological importance, since it can be applied industrially in numerous fields. In the present study, Nelumbo nucifera leaf and stem epidermal surfaces have been examined with a focus on the features of papillae and wax crystalloids. Both young and mature Nelumbo nucifera leaf epidermis demonstrated the Lotus effect on their entire epidermal surface. The central area of the upper epidermis, in particular, formed extremely papillose surfaces, with an additional wax layer, enabling greater water repellency. Despite the presence of wax crystalloids, epidermal surfaces of the lower leaf and stem lacking papillae, were much more easily wetted.
Nelumbo Nucifera
Lotus effect
Epidermis (zoology)
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Objective: The present study is to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of various extract of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaf using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol organic solvent.Methods: Standard phytochemical screening method and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice.Result: The phytochemical screening showed only ethyl acetate of lotus leaf extract contains the flavonoids. The ethyl acetate lotus leaf extract (dose level 150 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction of the blood glucose.Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract of lotus leaf (N. nucifera Gaertn.) had the hypoglycemic effect on diabetic induced mice.
Phytochemical
Nelumbo Nucifera
Lotus effect
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Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) belonging to the family Nelumbonaceae has high demand, especially for religious purposes and floral decorations. Lotus is widely distributed in tanks in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. After harvesting, flowers are transported to various destinations. Lotus flowers have a short postharvest life because of senescence, wilting and petal falling. Improper handling, stress during transport, high respiration and transpiration rates could be the main reasons for the short postharvest life of lotus. Therefore, this study was mainly carried out to identify a mode of treatment to extend the vase life of lotus. To study the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) and sucrose on keeping quality of lotus flowers, four levels of 6-BAP (0, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) and four levels of sucrose (0, 2, 4, and 8%) were tested at ambient temperature. The medium was acidified using 192 ppm citric acid in all treatments while deionized water was used as the control. To study the effect of pulsing, 2% sucrose solution was used to treat flowers for 0, 1, 2 and 4 h at ambient temperature. Pulsed flowers were placed in 15 ppm 6-BAP solution. Flower quality was evaluated daily based on percent weight loss, wilting, browning, fading, petal falling and flower opening indices. Parametric data were analyzed using ANOVA while non-parametric data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test. Results revealed that 15 ppm 6-BAP alone was effective in maintaining flower quality. Pulsing with 2% sucrose solution for 4 h further enhanced the flower quality up to 5 days when they were placed in 15 ppm 6-BAP after pulsing.Key words: 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP); Lotus; Nelumbo nucifera; Pulsing; Senescence.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v22i4.3791TAR 2011; 22(4): 402-409
Vase life
Wilting
Cut flowers
Browning
Sucker
Petal
Nelumbo Nucifera
Palatability
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AIM: To study the effect of the processing on the contents of nuciferine and quercetin existed in lotus leaf(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn).METHODS: Nuciferine and quercetin were allowed for the markers and its contents were assayed by HPLC.Marker constituents were compared among raw herb,carbonizing by stir-frying and carbonizing by calcining.RESULTS: By means of carbonizing processing,nucifering content of lotus leaf reduced to 99.25% and 99.23% compared with the unprocessed lotus leaf,quercetin content of lotus leaf increased to 608.56% and 643.85% compared with the unprocessed lotus leaf.CONCLUSION: The heating processing has remarkable effect on the contents of nuciferine and quercetin in Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
Lotus effect
Nelumbo Nucifera
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