Vector acquisition and co-inoculation of two plant viruses influences transmission, infection, and replication in new hosts
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Abstract This study investigated the role of vector acquisition and transmission on the propagation of single and co-infections of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV,) and tomato mottle virus (ToMoV) (Family: Geminiviridae , Genus: Begomovirus ) by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Gennadius) in tomato. The aim of this research was to determine if how viruses are co-acquired and co-transmitted changes the probability of acquisition, transmission and new host infections. Whiteflies acquired virus by feeding on singly infected plants, co-infected plants, or by sequential feeding on singly infected plants. Viral titers were also quantified by qPCR in vector cohorts, in artificial diet, and plants after exposure to viruliferous vectors. Differences in transmission, infection status of plants, and titers of TYLCV and ToMoV were observed among treatments. All vector cohorts acquired both viruses, but co-acquisition/co-inoculation generally reduced transmission of both viruses as single and mixed infections. Co-inoculation of viruses by the vector also altered virus accumulation in plants regardless of whether one or both viruses were propagated in new hosts. These findings highlight the complex nature of vector-virus-plant interactions that influence the spread and replication of viruses as single and co-infections.Keywords:
Geminiviridae
Whitefly
In the fall of 2008,the cowpea growing in a greenhouse in Shanghai suburban suffered a disease characterized by chlorotic and yellowing leaves.The complete nucleotide sequence of a tomato yellow leaf curl virus was amplified from DNA extracted from diseased plants.The sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the pathogen was Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Israel(TYLCV-IL),a member of the genus Begomovirus.The genome consisted of circular ssDNA with 2781 nucleotides,which has the typical characteristic of Old World monopartite begomoviruses with six ORFs corresponding to V2 and V1(Capsid Protein gene)on the viral strand,and C3,C2,C1 and C4 on the complementary strand.This is the first report that a natural Tomato yellow leaf curl virus infected V.sinensis.
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Leaf curl
Geminiviridae
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Abstract Background Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a member of the genus Begomovirus in the family Geminiviridae , which causes severe losses in tomato production in tropic and subtropic regions. Methods The purified TYLCV virions were used as the immunogen to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) using the hybridoma technology. MAb-based dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) and direct tissue blot immunoassay (DTBIA) were developed for sensitive, simple, and rapid detection of TYLCV in field tomato and whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) samples collected from TYLCV prevalent provinces in China. Results Using the hybridoma technology, six murine MAbs (1C4, 8D10, 6E3, 2F2, 3F4 and 4G3) against TYLCV were prepared. Using the MAb 1C4, dot-ELISA and DTBIA were then established for detecting TYLCV in field tomato and whitefly samples collected from TYLCV prevalent provinces in China. The dot-ELISA could detect TYLCV in infected tissue crude extract diluted at 1:5,120 (w/v, g mL -1 ), and in viruliferous whitefly homogenate diluted at 1:128 (individual whitefly/μL), respectively. Field tomato samples (n=487) and whitefly samples (n=110) from TYLCV prevalent districts in China were screened for the presence of TYLCV using the two developed methods, and the results were further confirmed by PCR and nucleotide sequencing. The survey revealed that TYLCV is widespread on tomato plants in Zhejiang, Shandong and Henan provinces in China. Conclusions The developed dot-ELISA is very suitable for the routine detection of TYLCV in field tomato and whitefly samples, and the DTBIA is more suitable for the routine detection of TYLCV in large-scale tomato plant samples collected from TYLCV prevalent areas.
Whitefly
Geminiviridae
Dot blot
Leaf curl
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Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting tomato crops in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Here, we focus on the interactions through recombination between the different begomovirus species causing TYLCD, provide an overview of the interactions with the cellular genes involved in viral replication, and highlight recent progress on the relationships between these viruses and their vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.The tomato yellow leaf curl virus-like viruses (TYLCVs) are a complex of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) including 10 accepted species: Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGuV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (TYLCIDV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLVKaV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMalV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). We follow the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the most important of which is an 89% nucleotide identity threshold between full-length DNA-A component nucleotide sequences for begomovirus species. Strains of a species are defined by a 93% nucleotide identity threshold.The primary host of TYLCVs is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but they can also naturally infect other crops [common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. chinense) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)], a number of ornamentals [petunia (Petuniaxhybrida) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora)], as well as common weeds (Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium). TYLCVs also infect the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana.Infected tomato plants are stunted or dwarfed, with leaflets rolled upwards and inwards; young leaves are slightly chlorotic; in recently infected plants, fruits might not be produced or, if produced, are small and unmarketable. In common bean, some TYLCVs produce the bean leaf crumple disease, with thickening, epinasty, crumpling, blade reduction and upward curling of leaves, as well as abnormal shoot proliferation and internode reduction; the very small leaves result in a bushy appearance.
Leaf curl
Geminiviridae
Whitefly
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Lycopersicon
Geminiviridae
Leaf curl
Limiting
Whitefly
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The global invasion of certain Bemisia tabaci biotypes provides opportunities to compare the competency of virus transmission between invasive and indigenous biotypes. Here we report on the acquisition, retention and transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) by the invasive B, Q and indigenous ZHJ2 biotypes of B. tabaci from Zhejiang, China. For all whitefly biotypes, TYLCV DNA was detected within a 30-min acquisition access period (AAP) to infected leaves. The percentage of adults with viral DNA increased with the length of AAP and reached 100% after 10–12 h. Following acquisition, viruliferous B, Q and ZHJ2 adults retained TYLCV DNA for the rest of their lives. Transmission was achieved with one B/Q adult per plant at the frequency of 50–55%, which rose to 100% with 10 insects per plant. In contrast, transmission of the virus was not observed with one ZHJ2 adult per plant in the experiments, and the transmission frequency rose to only 30–45% when whitefly adults increased to 5–10 per plant. These new data will help in the determination of the pest status of the whitefly biotypes as virus vectors in the regions of invasion, and so help in the development of management strategies.
Whitefly
Geminiviridae
Leaf curl
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Geminiviridae
Leaf curl
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Leaf curl
Geminiviridae
Whitefly
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Abstract Of worldwide economic importance, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, Begomovirus ) is responsible for one of the most devastating plant diseases in warm and temperate regions. The DNA begomoviruses ( Geminiviridae) are transmitted by the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci . Although geminiviruses have long been described as circulative non-propagative viruses, observations such as long persistence of TYLCV in B. tabaci raised the question of their possible replication in the vector. We monitored two major TYLCV strains, Mild (Mld) and Israel (IL), in the invasive B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 cryptic species, during and after the viral acquisition, within two timeframes (0–144 hours or 0–20 days). TYLCV DNA was quantified using real-time PCR and the complementary DNA strand of TYLCV involved in viral replication was specifically quantified using anchored real-time PCR. The DNA of both TYLCV strains accumulated exponentially during acquisition but remained stable after viral acquisition had stopped. Neither replication nor vertical transmission were observed. In conclusion, our quantification of the viral loads and complementary strands of both Mld and IL strains of TYLCV in B. tabaci point to an efficient accumulation and preservation mechanism, rather than to a dynamic equilibrium between replication and degradation.
Whitefly
Geminiviridae
Leaf curl
Persistence (discontinuity)
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بیـمــاری پیـچـیـــــدگــــی بــــرگ زرد گـــــوجــــــهفـــــرنــگــی (Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease, TYLCD) برای اولین بار همراه با طغیان جمعیتهای زیادی از سفـیدبالک (Bemisia tabaci) در مزارع گوجـهفرنـگی (Solanum esculentum) دره اردن در اواخـر سـال 1930 میلادی گزارش و از اوایل دهه 60 میلادی به یکی از بیماریهای مهم و خسارتزا در بسیاری از مزارع گوجهفرنگی دنیا تبدیل گردید. در طی 3 دهه اخیر بیماری (TYLCD) به مشکل جدی تولید گوجهفرنگی در بسیاری از کشورها در دنیا تبدیل گشته است. خـسارت ناشی از این بیماری در برخی از مزارع گوجهفرنگی بین ۹۳ تا ۱۰۰ درصد گزارش شده است. گیاهان آلوده دارای میوههای کم، ریز و در برخی موارد به دلیل ریزش پیش از موعد گل، فاقد میوه هستند. ماهیت ویروسی (TYLCD) و ارتبـاط آن با سفیـدبالک (B. tabaci) برای اولین بار در سال 1964 میلادی اثبات گردید. سپس ویروس عامـل بیمـاری (TYLCD) شنـاسـایی و تحت عنــوان ویـــروس پیــچیــدگی بــرگ زرد گــوجــهفــــرنــگی (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV) نامگذاری و در اواخر دهه هشتاد میلادی ژنوم آن بطور کامل تعیین توالی گردید. ویروس TYLCV از تیره ویروسهای دوقلو (Geminiviridae) و از اعضای جنس بگوموویروس (Begomovirus) است. بیماری (TYLCD) برای اولین بار در ایران در سال 1372 از برخی مزارع گوجهفرنگی استانهای هرمزگان و سیستان و بلوچستان و سپس در فاصله یک دهه از بسیاری استانهای کشور از قبیل کرمان، بـــوشهر، خوزستان، مرکزی، اصفهان، تهران، گلستان، مازندران، خراسان رضوی و یزد گزارش و در حال حاضر به یکی از عوامل اصلی کــاهش میــزان محصول گوجهفرنگی در ایران تبدیل گشته است.
Leaf curl
Geminiviridae
Whitefly
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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) (Begomovirus, Geminiviridae) is the type member and representative of the complex of viruses associated with the tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) with ssDNA genome, a plant-infecting group of viruses that have single or double genomic components enveloped by an icosahedral coat protein. These viruses infect tomatoes and other vegetable and ornamental crops and cause severe losses estimated by billions of dollars each year. Begomoviruses are exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent circulative manner. First epidemics of TYLCV were reported in Israel in the early 1960s and later on the causative agent was identified as TYLCV. Epidemics were often associated with the presence of whiteflies. Since then, extensive research in many laboratories in the world was conducted to better understand the interactions between TYLCV, the tomato plant and its only vector B. tabaci. These studies resulted in hundreds of research papers and reviews, a...
Whitefly
Leaf curl
Geminiviridae
Ornamental plant
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