Weed Management in Organic Cropping Systems
Abdel Rahman Al-TawahaZahra FarrokhiNandhini YogaPoonam RoshanImran AhmadAmanullah KhanAbdel Razzaq Al‐TawahaAlla AleksanyanSamia KhanumDevarajan ThangaduraiJeyabalan SangeethaAbdur RaufShah KhalidPalani SaranrajAbdul W. BasitAyşe YeşilayerHiba AlatrashMazen A. AteyyaM. A. TurkArun KarnwalSameena LoneKhursheed Hussain
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278Global climate changes such as increasing CO2 levels, temperature increases, drought, etc., have been shown to adversely affect agricultural products. Weeds can be seen as a major problem because they seem to fight at the expense of the crop for resources such as light, water, and nutrients. Weed species are commonly favored in crops that are more closely associated with them. The association between weeds and crops is due to their similar growth habits. The basic strategy should be considered as the core of the organic weed control strategy: crop stand, crop rotation, crop cover, variety selection, clean seeds, soil health, soil structure, spring tillage, delayed planting, post-emergence tillage, hand weeding, mulches, and organic herbicides. This chapter focuses on: (i) classification of weed species; and (ii) weed management strategies under climate change.Cropping system
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Avena is a problematic weed of cropping regions of southern Australia and many areas of the world. In 2010, a random survey was conducted across 14 million hectares of the Western Australian grain belt to monitor the change in herbicide resistance levels by comparing resistance frequency results with a survey conducted in 2005. Screening Avena populations with herbicides commonly used to control this weed revealed that 48% of Avena populations displayed resistance to the commonly used acetyl-Co A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides, which was lower than that found in 2005 (71%). The broad-spectrum herbicides glyphosate and paraquat provided good control of all Avena populations. Resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides and to flamprop were detected for the first time in Western Australia in this survey. Therefore, a wide range of weed management options that target all phases of the cropping program are needed to sustain these cropping systems in the future.
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The impact of four weed management systems on weed seed reserves in soil, yearly weed problem, and production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet was assessed where these crops were grown in rotation for 4 consecutive years in four cropping sequences. Weeds were controlled in each crop with only conventional tillage or conventional tillage plus minimum, moderate (system 1), and intensive (system 2) levels of herbicides. Seed of annual weeds from 11 genera were identified, with barnyardgrass and redroot pigweed comprising 66 and 19%, respectively, of the initial 90 million weed seed/ha present in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile. After the fourth cropping year, overall decline in total number of weed seed in soil was 53% when averaged over four cropping sequences and four weed management systems. Over the 4-yr period, about 10 times more weeds escaped control in system 1 than in system 2; and within a crop, the fewest number of weeds escaped control annually in barley. System 2 had the highest herbicide use in each cropping sequence, the fewest weeds at harvest, and the smallest adjusted gross return over the 4-yr period in three of four cropping sequences.
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Weeds are among the major issues responsible for reduction in yield and profit in any crop production system. Herbicides are the easiest and quickest solution of weeds; however, their frequent use exert negative consequences on environment, human health, and results in the evolution of herbicide-resistant weed species. Due to these reasons, alternative weed management methods that are less harmful to environment and human health are needed. This two-year study evaluated the impact of different weed management options, i.e., false seedbed (FS), allelopathic water extracts (AWE), chemical control (CC), weed-free (WF) weedy-check (WC) on weed spectrum in various barley-based cropping systems, i.e., fallow-barley (FB), maize-barley (MB), cotton-barley (CB), mungbean-barley (M*B), and sorghum-barley (SB). Data relating to density, diversity, and biomass production of weed species prevailing in the studied cropping systems were recorded. Interactive effect of weed management methods and barley-based cropping systems significantly altered weed diversity, and densities of individual, broadleaved, and grassy weeds. A total 13 weed species (ten broadleaved and three grass) were recorded during both years of study. The highest dry biomass, diversity, and density of individual, broadleaved, and grassy weeds were noted in WC treatment, whereas WF treatment resulted in the lowest values of these traits. Chemical control resulted in the highest suppression of weed flora and improved dry biomass production of barley followed by AWE. The SB cropping system with CC or AWE resulted in the least weed flora. The M*B cropping system with CC or AWE produced the highest dry biomass of barley. It is concluded that including sorghum crop in rotation and applying AWE could suppress weeds comparable to herbicides. Similarly, including mungbean in rotation and applying AWE could increase dry biomass production of barley. In conclusion, herbicides can be replaced with an eco-friendly approach, i.e., allelopathy and inclusion of sorghum crop could be helpful in suppressing weed flora.
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Accepted : March, 2010 The matter of interest is that the cultural and chemical means used to control the weeds viz. , dates of sowing and use of herbicides are tested separately in irrigated wheat. But their interactive effects are not known. So, the integrated weed management technology may only be the appropriate technique to achieve optimum weed control with a minimum of crop and environmental hazards. Chemical weed control with a manipulation with appropriate cultural package of practices should only be the means to boost up crop yield. Thus, the objectives of investigation aimed to know appropriate methodology for weed management in dwarf wheat grown under assured irrigated condition in rice-wheat cropping sequence.
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In tropical and subtemperate regions of the world, farmers plant vegetables and other crops in a vast array of cropping systems that often involve more than one crop being grown on the same parcel of land in a year. Weed communities within each cropping system shift depending on physical and climatic factors and the specific crop and weed management practices employed. Modern weed management strategies involve combinations of crop production practices and specific weed control technologies intended to reduce weed competition, thereby shifting the competitive balance in favor of the crop. Weed research and, training efforts, therefore, must focus on the entire cropping system with emphasis on year-round and multi-year management of weed communities.
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Experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ibadan in 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cropping seasons to determine the effects of different crop associations and fertilizer types on the weed biomass. The results showed that crop associations did not significantly affect weed density and weed dry weight at 5 and 38 weeks after planting (WAP) in 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cropping seasons. However, at 14, 21 and WAP, crop associations significantly reduced weed density and weed dry weight at P = 0.05. Fertilizer types significantly increased weed density and dry weight at 5, 14, 21, and 29 WAP, except in the 38 WAP in 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cropping seasons. Key Words: Crop associations; fertilizer; weed biomass Moor J. Agric. Res. Vol.4(1) 2003: 46-49
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The manace of weeds and the importance of weed control/management are well recognized in the plantation crops as well as the smallholding farms. The problem receives special attention in crop management practices. This paper reviews briefly the impact of weed infestation in crops of agricultural importance in Malaysia. Weed distribution and importance, and general weed control/management methods are discussed in accordance with the major crops. Weeds can retard crop growth, reduce yield and interfere with farm operations. Climatic condition, crops and cropping systems determine the weed species distribution. Cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods of weed control are practiced.
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