Factors Influencing Driver's Expected Psychological Vulnerability When Sharing the Road with Driverless Vehicles
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Few studies have examined the psychological experience of drivers of manned vehicles sharing the road with driverless vehicles. To judge whether drivers think they are in a vulnerable state and find out what makes drivers feel they will be in a state we called “expected psychological vulnerability”, this paper conducted a questionnaire to collect information about the attitude, perceived usefulness, trust, perceived risk, and demographic information of drivers in a hypothetical situation involving driving on the same road as driverless vehicles. Our goal was to identify areas where the drivers felt that they would be in a “vulnerable psychological state”, i.e., that they would be more vulnerable to making poor psychological judgments. The survey results indicated that 43.7 % of the respondents believed that they would be in a vulnerable state in mixed traffic competition, 30.2 % of the respondents did not know whether they would be in a vulnerable state. Further, women, people with a higher education, people with a more aggressive driving personality, older people, and those with more driving experience were more inclined to think that they would not be in a vulnerable state. Attitude, trust, and perceived usefulness all had positive impacts on judgments regarding psychological vulnerability, and perceived risk had a negative impact. Therefore, the early promotion of driverless technology should give priority to people with a higher education, more driving experience, older age, and more aggressive driving personality, and focus on attitudes towards this technology, including perceived usefulness, trust, and perceived risk.Keywords:
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In this article important research progress of the domestic and international agricultural drought vulnerability were summarized.The problems and shortcomings of the existing agricultural drought vulnerability studies were generalized.Finally,on cross-disciplinary research about agricultural drought vulnerability from household scale were carried on,and follow-up prospects of drought vulnerability studies were offered.
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Launched in Switzerland in 1987, car sharing began in North America in 1993 in Quebec City. Essentially a member-based time-share automobile rental service, car sharing is also known as public motor pooling and short term car rental. Seen as a method of mitigating traffic congestion and parking demand, car sharing allows program members to use automobiles when they desire, with payment for service based on how much they drive. Car sharing implementation by colleges and universities is examined. Zipcar is North America's leading shared car provider. Websites pertinent to car sharing include www.carsharing.net and www.Zipcar.com.
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Car-Sharing wird in Deutschland in etwa 260 Staedten und Gemeinden angeboten und von circa 100.000 Personen genutzt. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Car-Sharing zur Reduzierung des Pkw-Bestandes beitraegt und damit auch den Parkdruck in dicht bebauten, innenstadtnahen Stadtteilen reduziert. Durch jedes Car-Sharing-Fahrzeug werden vier bis acht private Autos ersetzt. Car-Sharing-Teilnehmer gestalten ihre Mobilitaet rationaler und nutzen auch intensiv die oeffentlichen Verkehrsmittel und das Fahrrad. Auch ist das durchschnittliche Alter der Car-Sharing-Flotte deutlich juenger als das der Privatwagen. Anhand verschiedener Beispiele aus Grossstaedten wird gezeigt, wie sich die Vorteile des Car-Sharings auswirken. Abschliessend wird auf die Schaffung eines dichten Car-Sharing-Stationsnetzes mit wohnortnahem Zugang eingegangen. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Germany has some 100,000 car-sharing customers. All known investigations have confirmed that participating in car-sharing prompts a considerable reduction in the number of cars on the road while lessening the demand for parking space in heavily built-up inner-city areas. The car-sharing option potential could, however, be put into practice more efficiently since - in relation to urban development - it would enhance the quality of life in inner cities. (A)
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In order to investigate the vulnerability of different types of farmers’ livelihood during the present stage,this study defined the concept of the vulnerability of farmers’ livelihood and divided the farmers into three categories,on this basis,the authors established a comprehensive analytical framework and indicator system to assess the vulnerability of farmers ’ livelihood,and empirically analyzed the degree of vulnerability of different types of farmers ’ livelihood by using the household survey data of Hechuan district in Chongqing city.The results showed that the degree of the vulnerability of migrant farmers ’ livelihood is higher than that of local non-farm employment farmers,and the degree of the vulnerability of pure farmers’ livelihood is the highest of all.The lack of complete old-age security and the trail of agriculture development are the main reasons to the vulnerability of pure farmers’ livelihood,migrant-working has both positive and negative influentce on vulnerability of migrant-working farmers’ livelihood,the vulnerability of local non-agricultural industries leads to the vulnerability of non-farm employment farmers’ livelihood.Therefore,the relevant measures to improve farmers’ livelihood vulnerability need taking full account of the difference of the types of farmers.
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ในปจจบนราคาคอนโดมเนยมในเขตกรงเทพมหานครมแนวโนมปรบตวสงขนอยางตอเนองสงผลใหความสามารถในการเปนเจาของคอนโดมเนยมในเขตกรงเทพมหานครลดลง จงเกดการยายถนฐานไปยงปรมณฑลมากขนทำใหตองใชรถยนตสวนตวในการเดนทางเขามาทำงานเนองจากความไมครอบคลมของระบบขนสงสาธารณะ ซงกอใหเกดปญหาจราจรแออด ดงนนการนำโครงการเชารถยนตระยะสน (Car-sharing) มาใชในคอนโดมเนยมจงเปนสงทนาศกษาเนองจากทำใหปรมาณรถยนตโดยรวมลดลง และสงผลใหราคาตอตารางเมตรของคอนโดมเนยมตำลดจากการลดปรมาณทจอดรถ ซงเปนผลดตอทงประชาชนและผพฒนาอสงหารมทรพย โดยในงานวจยนมวตถประสงคเพอศกษาปจจยทสงผลตอความตงใจในการเปลยนไปใชรถยนต Car-sharing ของผทอยอาศยในคอนโดมเนยมใกลแนวรถไฟฟาในกรงเทพฯและปรมณฑล โดยใชทฤษฎพฤตกรรมแบบมแบบแผน (TPB) เปนกรอบในการกำหนดแบบสอบถาม และใชแบบจำลองสมการเชงโครงสราง (SEM) เปนเครองมอในการวเคราะหหาปจจยทสงผลตอความตงใจในการเปลยนไปใชรถยนต Car-sharing ผานโปรแกรม AMOS 26 และ SPSS 26 โดยเกบขอมลกบกลมตวอยางทอยอาศยในคอนโดมเนยมทอยใกลแนวรถไฟฟา
ผลการศกษาพบวา ปจจยดานทศนคตตอการใชรถยนต Car-sharing เปนปจจยทสงผลตอความตงใจในการเปลยนไปใชรถยนต Car-sharing มากทสด ซงเกยวของกบคณภาพในการใชบรการ (Service Quality Attitude) สวนปจจยทสงผลใหคนไมหนมาใชรถยนต Car-sharing มากทสดไดแก ปจจยดานการรบรถงความยากงายในการใชรถยนต Car-sharing (PBC) ซงหมายความวา หากการเดนทางดวยรถยนต Car-sharing หาทจอดรถลำบากและระยะเดนทางจากจดจอดรถยนตCar-sharingไปยงจดหมายปลายทางไกล จะสงผลใหคนหนมาใชรถยนตCar-sharing ลดลง นอกจากนพบวา หากผเดนทางคำนงถงมลภาวะจากการใชรถยนต (EC) จะเลอกใชขนสงสาธารณะรปแบบอนทไมใชรถยนต Car-sharing แตหากรถยนต Car-sharing เปนรถยนตไฟฟากจะทำใหผเดนทางสนใจใชมากขน ทงนในงานวจยนพบวาการคลอยตามบคคลใกลชด (SN) เปนปจจยทไมไดสงผลอยางมนยสำคญตอความตงใจในการใชรถยนต Car-sharing โดยผลจากการศกษานสามารถนำไปประยกตใชไดกบบคคลทวไป ผพฒนาอสงหารมทรพย นกวางผงเมอง ในการนำไปใชประโยชนตอยอดในอนาคต
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List of Tables Acknowledgements Introduction: The Challenge of Vulnerability PART I: DEFINING VULNERABILITY Vulnerability to Adverse Events Towards Sociology of Vulnerability The First Form of Vulnerability The Second Form of Vulnerability The Third Form of Vulnerability PART II: CONFRONTING VULNERABILITY The Nature of Remedies Acts of Responsibility Objectives of Promising Functions of Forgiveness Conclusion Bibliography Index
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Abstract Two of the most notable trends in labour markets in Europe are the rise in the number of atypical job contracts (e.g. fixed‐term contracts and temporary work) and the increase in job turnover. The concept of “employment vulnerability” can be used to describe these trends, which weaken the employer–employee relationship. In this article, the authors measure this employment vulnerability, for individual European countries, by creating two indices – an “employer‐related vulnerability index” and a “job‐related vulnerability index” – which are then aggregated to form an overall employment vulnerability index.
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ABSTRACT Using household data from Northern Zambia, this article looks at HIV/AIDS impacts on different aspects of people's access to food. The findings draw particular attention to the variances in vulnerability among households burdened by illness and orphans that are headed by men, women and the elderly. It is argued that vulnerability levels to HIV/AIDS impact differ substantially among households and implicitly expose the underlying causal conditions that enable or disable people in their responsiveness. Households affected by HIV/AIDS cannot be treated as a homogeneous group and understanding the differences in vulnerability can play an important policy role in designing targeted support.
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