Leaf and Root Litter Species Identity Influences Bacterial Community Composition in Short-Term Litter Decomposition
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Abstract Background: Microorganisms play a crucial role in litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. However, it remains unclear, which effects of leaf litter and root species on bacterial community composition and diversity after one year's decomposition. Methods: The leaf and fine roots litters of Robinia pseudoacacia , Quercus acutissima , Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus densiflora , which are the dominant afforestation species in Mount Tai, were analysed using the Nylon litterbag method and Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing for the amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA V4-V5. We measured the remaining litter mass and the bacterial community composition and assessed the effects of leaf and root litter species on the bacterial community after one-year decomposition periods. Results: (1) The remaining masses of leaf and fine roots litters of the four plant species were significantly influenced by organ type and species. The remaining mass of fine root litter was smaller than that of leaf litter for broad-leaved species, and the opposite result was found for coniferous species. (2) The observed species Chao1 and phylogenetic diversity values were significantly lower for leaf litters than for fine root litter. The community richness index was positively correlated with the C content, C:N and lignin content and negatively correlated with N:P, N content and P content. The bacterial community structure differed significantly among leaf and root litter decomposition for the four species ( p <0.05). The bacterial community structure in leaf litter was most highly correlated with the initial N content and N:P. The bacterial community structure in fine roots was most highly correlated with the lignin content. (3) The bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes , Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were significantly affected by litter and species type, and the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Chloroflexi were only affected by litter type. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria , Firmicutes and Chloroflexi in fine root litter were higher than those in leaf litter, while the opposite result was found for Bacteroidetes . The bacterial genera Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia , Sphingomonas and Mucilaginibacter were affected by litter type ( p <0.05). The relative abundance of Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia in fine root litter was higher than that in leaf litter, while the opposite result was found for Bradyrhizobium , Sphingomonas and Mucilaginibacter . Pearson correlation analysis showed that the average relative abundance of the dominant phyla and genera was affected by the initial litter properties, especially for Bacteroides , Acidobacteria , Burkholderia , and Sphingomonas . Conclusions: Litter type, interaction between litter type and species were important than species in shaping the bacterial diversity and community composition in decomposing litter. And this were affected by initial chemical properties of the litter.Keywords:
Litter
Plant litter
Robinia
Litter production and nutrient return studies in three plantations of Pinus eliottii Engelm,Robinia pseudoacacia,mixed stand of Pinus eliottii and Robinia pseudoacacia in the low hills rainstorm district of Guangyuan City have shown that the annual amount of litter of the three plantations ranges from 3 609.6 kg·hm-2·a-1 to 4 917.6 kg·hm-2·a-1,and in addition to Robinia pseudoacacia stand,the leaf litter production of the Robinia pseudoacacia stand and Pinus eliottii and Robinia pseudoacacia stand is the most,with respective 87.45% and 55% shares of their total volume.The litter production of the Pinus eliottii stand displays three peak values,and the Robinia pseudoacacia stand and the mixed stand of Pinus eliottii and Robinia pseudoacacia have two peak values in a year.Annual return production of N and P of the Robinia pseudoacacia stand is the largest,and that of the Pinus eliottii stand is the least.The nutrient return of leaves is the most in each component.Comparison is made among three kinds of forest,which exhibits that the total amount of litter in Pinus eliottii stand and mixed stand of Pinus eliottii and Robinia pseudoacacia is obviously larger than that in Robinia pseudoacacia stand,but their nutrient return amounts are different.Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and mixed stand of Pinus eliottii and Robinia pseudoacacia are significantly higher than that of Pinus eliottii stand,thus indicating that broad-leaved forest has a good the ability of maintaining soil fertility,and needle-leaved and broad-leaved mixed forests have a bigger ability to improve soil fertility.
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The nutrient absorption of N,P and K in root systems of Populus×xiaozhuanica and Robinia pseudoacacia is analysed by a dynamic methodology.The results show that: 1) NH-4~+ affinity for Populus×xiaozhuanica is weaker than that for Robinia pseudoacacia;the rate of NH-4~+ flowing into Populus×xiaozhuanica is slower than that flowing into Robinia pseudoacacia;the maximum absorption rate of NH-4~+ by the root system of Populus×xiaozhuanica is much higher than that of Robinia pseudoacacia;compared with Robinia pseudoacacia,Populus×xiaozhuanica has a stronger absorbency for and resistance to a deficiency in NH~+-4.2) the rate of H-2PO-4~-flowing into Robinia pseudoacacia is higher than that of Populus×xiaozhuanica;Robinia pseudoacacia has a stronger H-2PO-4~-deficiency resistance than Populus×xiaozhuanica.3) although differences exist between Populus×xiaozhuanica and Robinia pseudoacacia in the dynamic characteristics of the ability to absorb K~+,competition does not occur when the two species are planted together.Populus×xiaozhuanica and Robinia pseudoacacia share a complementary and harmonious relation in the absorption of N and P nutrient elements.
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To investigate the influence of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) flower and leaf fall on soil phosphate, we monitored litterfall, litter decomposition, and soil membrane phosphate in a R. pseudoacacia forest on Mt. Ilzasan, Seoul, Korea. R. pseudoacacia flower litter was 30–50% of total litter production in May and the flowers decomposed rapidly. More than 11% of R. pseudoacacia leaf litter decomposed from February to May, while that of Quercus spp. decomposed very little. Fast decomposition of R. pseudoacacia flower and leaf litter significantly increased membrane phosphate in the soil. The rapid nutrient-cycling of R. pseudoacacia through flower litterfall and rapid decomposition benefits the plant itself in the growing season when nutrients demand is increasing. Rapid nutrient-cycling might be a strategy that helps R. pseudoacacia to persist in poor soil environments.
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Родовой комплекс Robinia L. представляет большой интерес для мобилизации генетических ресурсов в лесозащитные и озеленительные насаждения аридного региона. В настоящее время широкое распространение в озеленении и лесомелиорации на юге страны получил только один вид робинии Robinia pseudoacacia L. ( Р. лжеакация, или белая акация). Объектами исследований стали виды и формы рода Robinia: R. viscosa Vent. R. luxurians (Dieck) S.K. Schneid. R. pseudoacacia L. R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd. R. pseudoacacia f. unifoliola (Talou) Rehd. R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd., интродуцированные в дендрологических коллекциях Волгоградской области: ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН, кадастр 34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10 и Нижневолжской станции по селекции древесных пород, 34:36:0000:14:0178. Цель работы изучить особенности роста и развития видов и форм рода Robinia в условиях интродукции и определить отношение к лимитирующим экологическим факторам сухостепной зоны Нижнего Поволжья. В результате проведенных исследований были установлены особенности роста и развития видов и форм рода Robinia в условиях интродукции, выявлены экологические закономерности формирования плодов и семян, определены пороговые значения климатических факторов по отношению к процессам жизнедеятельности, установлены особенности ростовых процессов в засушливых условиях. Выявлено, что основными факторами, лимитирующими процессы адаптации видов и форм рода Robinia в сухостепных условиях Нижнего Поволжья, является засуха и экстремально высокие и низкие температуры воздуха (40, 43). Толерантность растений к данным климатическим факторам является важным показателем успешности их интродукции. Исследования показывают, что существовавшие ранее различия в степени морозостойкости и засухоустойчивости между видами в процессе постепенной адаптации значительно сократились. Данный факт объясняется высокими темпами адаптации Robinia pseudoacacia к лимитирующим факторам окружающей среды. Еще недавно критической для этого вида считалась температура воздуха 25С. Как показали наши исследования, этот порог в процессе акклиматизации значительно снизился и составляет 37С. Все изучаемые виды робинии имеют относительно высокую степень зимостойкости в условиях сухостепной зоны Нижнего Поволжья. Менее зимостойкими оказались только декоративные формы Robinia pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd. и Robinia pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd., размножаемые в культуре преимущественно вегетативным способом. Определено, что робиния может успешно выращиваться в разных почвенногеографических районах сухостепной зоны Нижнего Поволжья. Максимальных размеров и долговечности насаждения из робинии достигают на черноземных почвах. Высота насаждений в 20летнем возрасте составляет 912 м. Посадки на темнокаштановых почвах к 20летнему возрасту достигают 810 метровой высоты, а на светлокаштановых 56 метров. The generic complex Robinia L. is great interest for the mobilization of genetic resources in forest protection and landscaping of the arid region. Currently wide spread in planting and forest reclamation in the South received only one kind of locust Robinia pseudoacacia L. ( R. leachate, or black locust). The objects of research were species and forms of the genus Robinia: R. viscosa Vent. R. luxurians (Dieck) S. K. Schneider. R. pseudoacacia L. R. pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd. R. pseudoacacia f. unifoliola (Talou) Rehd. R. pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd., introduced in the dendrological collections of the Volgograd region: FSC Agroecology RAS, cadastral number 34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10 and the lower Volga station for selection of wood species, 34:36:0000:14:0178. The aim of the work is to study the features of growth and development of species and forms of the genus Robinia in terms of introduction and to determine the attitude to the limiting environmental factors of the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga Region. As a result of the research, the features of the growth and development of species and forms of the genus Robinia in terms of introduction were established, the ecological regularities of the formation of fruits and seeds were revealed, the threshold values of climatic factors in relation to the processes of life were determined, the features of growth processes in arid conditions were established. It was found that the main factors limiting the adaptation of species and forms of the genus Robinia in the dry steppe conditions of the Lower Volga region is drought and extremely high and low air temperatures (40, 43). Tolerance of plants to these climatic factors is an important indicator of the success of their introduction. Studies show that preexisting differences in frost and drought resistance between species have been significantly reduced through gradual adaptation. This fact is explained by the high rate of adaptation of Robinia pseudoacacia to the limiting factors of the environment. Until recently, the air temperature of 25C was considered critical for this species. As our studies have shown, this threshold in the process of acclimatization has significantly decreased and is 37C. All studied species of Robinia have a high degree of winter hardiness in the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region. Less hardy turned out to be only ornamental forms of Robinia pseudoacacia f. pyramidalis (Pepin) Rehd. and Robinia pseudoacacia f. umbraculifera (DC) Rehd., propagated in culture mainly vegetative way. It is determined that Robinia can be successfully grown in different soilgeographical areas of the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region. Maximum size and longevity of the plantings of locust reach on Chernozem soils. The height of the plantings in the 20yearold whoplant is 912 m. Planting on dark chestnut soils to 20yearold reach 810 meter height, and on light chestnut56 meters.
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Full-light and water-spray technology was adopted to improve the rooting rate of tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia.Softwoods of tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia and fast growing Robinia pseudocacia from Hungary were treated with different growth regulators in same experiment conditions.The results were as followings: Rooting of 1 year softwood was better than 2 year old ones;Rooting of fast growing Robinia pseudocacia from Hungary was better than tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia;Among the growth regulators,it was the best effect with Ganlin 1 quick-dipping,which made 60%～88% of rooting rate.
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Pinus massoniana
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Exudate
Soil carbon
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Forest floor
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Litter production,decomposition and nutrient release were investigated in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation in Rainy Area of West China.The results showed that: ① The annual litter production was 6 247.78 kg/hm2 in this eucalyptus plantation,leaf litter account for 94.85% of the total production,followed with twig and bark.② The leaf litter had higher decomposition rate than twig litter.39.56% of leaf litter and 56.35% of twig litter remained after 12 months decomposition,The decomposition rate in leaf litter was higher from the 5th month to the 8th month,but which in twig litter was higher from the 4th month to the 10th month compared with other decomposition stages.It would take 2.989 years and 4.783 years to decompose 95% of leaf litter and twig litter,respectively.③ After 12 months decomposition,elements release rates showed the order as: NCPK for leaf litter,and CNKP for twig litter.Elements release rates in leaf litter were higher than those in twig litter.④ The initial C/N ratios in leaf and twig litters were 43.51 and 285.78.The C/N ratios showed a decreasing trend as leave and twig litter decomposition proceeded.
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