In Vitro Growth Suppression of Renal Carcinoma Cells by Curcumin
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Background: Malignant clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) is an aggressive tumor that is highly resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Current therapeutic approaches to management of ccRCC have not significantly improved patient survival, therefore novel therapies are needed. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene is frequently mutated in ccRCC resulting in unregulated transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) 1α and 2α. HIF-mediated transcription leads to increased growth factor expression and growth factor receptor (GFR)-mediated signaling. NFκB and STAT3 are phosphorylated in response to GFR activation and modulate gene expression, which promotes cell growth and invasion. Activated NFκB and STAT3 expression is associated with ccRCC pathogenesis.Abstract Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adult, and patients with advanced ccRCC are facing limited treatment options. Cell division cycle associated 5 (CDCA5), a key regulator for segregating sister chromatids in cell cycle, has been increasingly reported for a potential therapeutic target in multiple human cancers. However, the functional roles of CDCA5 in ccRCC remain uncertain. Here we identified that CDCA5 expression was frequently upregulated in ccRCC tumors and significantly associated with poor prognosis of ccRCC patients. To investigate the role of CDCA5 in ccRCC progression, loss function cell models were established. Knockdown of CDCA5 remarkably suppressed ccRCC cell proliferation and migration ability, and also induced cell apoptosis in vitro. In addition, the significance of CDCA5 in ccRCC was further demonstrated in a mouse xenograft model. Silencing of CDCA5 drastically inhibited in vivo tumorigenicity of ccRCC cells. Mechanically, we identified CDCA5 may cooperate with EEF1A1 to promote the tumorigenic phenotype of ccRCC. Overall, our results revealed the significant functional role of CDCA5 in ccRCC progression, which may pave a way for the development of new treatment strategies for ccRCC treatment.
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Background: Signal transducing adaptor molecule 1 (STAM1) was considered to mediate cell growth and be involved in multiple signaling pathways; however, no research on the role of STAM1 in any tumors has been published yet. Our study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of STAM1 for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and its role in modulating cancer cell function. Methods: Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) in December 2019 were used to examine the role of STAM1 in indicating ccRCC patients' survival. A purchased tissue microarray (TM) and fresh ccRCC renal tissues were used for further validation. Then, STAM1 was overexpressed in human ccRCC cell lines for in vitro assays. Finally, bioinformatics was performed for STAM1 protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction and functional analyses. Results: A total of 539 ccRCC and 72 control samples were included for the TCGA cohort, and 149 ccRCC and 29 control slices were included for the TM cohort. In the TCGA and TM cohorts, we found that STAM1 expression was lower in ccRCC compared with normal adjacent non-cancerous renal tissues ( P < 0.0001 for both cohorts). STAM1 downregulation was also related to significantly shorter overall survival (OS) ( P < 0.0001 for both cohorts). In the TCGA cohort, reduced STAM1 expression was also associated with aggressive features of the tumor. Under multivariate analyses, STAM1 was demonstrated to be an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC survival in both TCGA (HR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.33–0.84, P = 0.007) and TM cohorts (HR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04–0.32, P < 0.001). Our in vitro experiments showed that STAM1 inhibited cell viability, invasion, and migration in ccRCC cell lines. In PPI network, 10 candidate genes categorized into five biological processes were found to be closely related to STAM1. Conclusion: STAM1 is a promising prognostic biomarker for predicting ccRCC survival outcomes. Preliminary pathogenesis is demonstrated by our in vitro experiments. Further pathological mechanisms of STAM1 in modulating ccRCC require comprehensive laboratory and clinical studies.
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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the third most prevalent urological cancer, claims more than 100,000 lives/year worldwide. The clear cell variant (ccRCC) is the most common and aggressive subtype of this disease. While commonly asymptomatic, more than 30% of ccRCC are diagnosed when already metastatic, resulting in a 95% mortality rate. Notably, nearly one-third of organ-confined cancers treated by nephrectomy develop metastasis during follow-up care. At present, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to screen, diagnose, and monitor renal cancers are clearly needed. The gene encoding the cell surface molecule HAVCR1/KIM-1 is a suggested susceptibility gene for ccRCC and ectodomain shedding of this molecule may be a predictive biomarker of tumor progression. Microarray analysis of 769-P ccRCC-derived cells where HAVCR/KIM-1 levels have been upregulated or silenced revealed relevant HAVCR/KIM-1-related targets, some of which were further analyzed in a cohort of 98 ccRCC patients with 100 month follow-up. We found that HAVCR/KIM-1 activates the IL-6/STAT-3/HIF-1A axis in ccRCC-derived cell lines, which depends on HAVCR/KIM-1 shedding. Moreover, we found that pSTAT-3 S727 levels represented an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC patients. Our results suggest that HAVCR/KIM-1 upregulation in tumors might represent a novel mechanism to activate tumor growth and angiogenesis and that pSTAT-3 S727 is an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC.
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The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a latent transcription factor that regulates downstream genes involved in essential biological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, apoptosis inhibition, and survival. The aberrant activation of STAT3 has been related to the development of near 50% of all human cancers including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). To date, the oncogenic properties of STAT3 are attributed to the phosphorylation of its Tyr705, however, the phosphorylation of its Ser727 has recently emerged as an event that enhances STAT3 transcriptional activity, in addition to non-genomic activities that promote cancer development. Our group was one of the pioneers in bringing the Ser727 phosphorylation to light by demonstrating that nuclear pSer727 expression levels, in tissue samples of ccRCC patients, correlated with poor prognosis and low overall survival. Since ccRCC is the most prevalent and lethal histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the molecular mechanisms behind its tumorigenesis remain unclear, we aimed to elucidate the role of STAT3 phosphorylation state in ccRCC development, and especially the contribution of pSer727 to tumor progression. For that purpose, we generated simple and double STAT3 phosphomutants (Tyr705Phe, Ser727Ala, Ser727Asp, Tyr705Phe/Ser727Ala, and Tyr705Phe/Ser727Asp) transduced in human-derived ccRCC cell lines (769-P and 786-O), and we evaluated their functional behavior as well as their differential gene expression through microarray analysis. Our data demonstrated that STAT3 mutants carrying a phosphomimetic substitution for Ser727 (Ser727Asp) promote a pro-tumoral phenotype in vitro in a Tyr705-independent manner. Moreover, we describe that the overall STAT3 phosphorylation state determines the expression of different subsets of target genes associated with distinct biological processes, being pSer727-dependent genes the most related to cellular hallmarks of cancer development. In summary, the present study constitutes the first analysis on the role of overall STAT3 phosphorylation state in ccRCC and demonstrates that pSer727 activates STAT3 signaling through transcription of a specific subset of target genes that are clinically relevant as potential therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers for ccRCC.
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To examine the activities of transcription factors (TFs) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines with different metastatic potentials, so as to identify the TFs associated with HCC metastasis.Transcription factor activity profile of Hep3B, MHCC97L and MHCC97H, three HCC cell lines with different metastatic potentials, were examined using protein/DNA array. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and Western blot were used to confirm the results obtained by protein/DNA array.From a total of 345 screened TFs, 7 activity differential TFs were found, of which 5 showed increased activity, including p53, hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and Sp1, and 2 showed decreased activity including Rb and Smad3.The abnormal functioning of transcription factors is closely associated with HCC metastasis. Our present findings could be of help in expanding our understanding of the mechanism of HCC metastasis and identify new predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Sp1 transcription factor
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Aims: The aim of this study was to explore the alteration in ACE2 expression and correlation between ACE2 expression and immune infiltration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: The authors first analyzed the expression profiles and prognostic value of ACE2 in ccRCC patients using The Cancer Genome Atlas public database. The authors used ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms to analyze the correlation between ACE2 expression and tumor microenvironment in ccRCC samples. Results:ACE2 was correlated with sex, distant metastasis, clinical stage, tumor T stage and histological grade. Moreover, downregulation of ACE2 was correlated with unfavorable prognosis. In addition, ACE2 expression was associated with different immune cell subtypes. Conclusion: The authors' analyses suggest that ACE2 plays an important role in the development and progression of ccRCC and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in ccRCC patients.Lay abstract To date, the morbidity and mortality of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are gradually increasing, and ccRCC is more aggressive than other kidney cancer types. The ACE2 protein could alter other protein activity and promote cancer progression. In this study, the authors used publicly available databases, analyzed the ACE2 expression patterns in ccRCC cells and evaluated the link between the presence of ACE2 and the ability of immune cells to enter tumors. Finally, the authors conducted further analyses to explore the mechanism by which ACE2 may be involved in ccRCC cancer progression. The authors found that the presence and activity of ACE2 were low in advanced ccRCC and that this was linked to worse overall survival.
Kidney cancer
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Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to use gene expression profiling to identify novel biomarkers that are predictive of aggressive behavior in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Experimental Design: Candidate genes were discovered using Human Genome U133 Plus 2 Arrays and validated on independent samples by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Both the discovery and the validation cohorts included nonaggressive primary CCRCC, aggressive primary CCRCC, metastatic CCRCC, and nonneoplastic kidney adjacent to tumor. Results: Aggressive primary and metastatic CCRCC displayed no significant differences in gene expression. In contrast, we identified significant differences in gene expression between nonaggressive and aggressive CCRCC (including metastatic CCRCC). Thirty-four of the 35 transcripts that displayed the most significant differential expression by microarray analysis also displayed significant differential expression in independent validation studies using quantitative RT-PCR (P < 0.001 for 31 candidates and P < 0.005 for the remaining three candidates). Hierarchical clustering of the quantitative RT-PCR data using our candidate markers accurately grouped 88% (23 of 26) of aggressive and metastatic CCRCC samples, 100% (14 of 14) of nonaggressive CCRCC samples, and 100% (15 of 15) of nonneoplastic samples into separate clusters. Finally, we evaluated the ability of protein expression levels of one of our candidate markers (survivin) to predict survival among a cohort of 183 CCRCC patients treated surgically at Mayo Clinic from 1990 to 1992. In multivariate analysis, expression of survivin (BIRC5) was inversely associated with cancer-specific survival (P = 0.017). Conclusion: We used a combination of genomic profiling and validation by quantitative PCR to identify a panel of candidate biomarkers for determining CCRCC aggressiveness. Our data also indicate that the gene expression alterations that result in aggressive behavior and metastatic potential can be identified in the primary tumor.
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Kidney cancer
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F-box proteins play important roles in cell cycle and tumorigenesis. However, its prognostic value and molecular function in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain unclear. In this study, we established a survival model to evaluate the prognosis of patients with ccRCC using the F-box gene signature and investigated the function of FBXL6 in ccRCC.Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were used to identify differentially expressed F-box and hub genes associated with ccRCC carcinogenesis. Based on the F-box gene signature, we constructed a risk model and nomogram to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with ccRCC and assist clinicians in decision-making. Finally, we verified the function and underlying molecular mechanisms of FBXL6 in ccRCC using CCK-8 and EdU assays, flow cytometry, and subcutaneous xenografts.A risk model based on FBXO39, FBXL6, FBXO1, and FBXL16 was developed. In addition, we drew a nomogram based on the risk score and clinical features to assess the prognosis of patients with ccRCC. Subsequently, we identified FBXL6 as an independent prognostic marker that was highly expressed in ccRCC cell lines. In vivo and in vitro assays revealed that the depletion of FBXL6 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. We also demonstrated that SP1 regulated the expression of FBXL6.FBXL6 was first identified as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in patients with ccRCC. Loss of FBXL6 attenuates proliferation and induces apoptosis in ccRCC cells. SP1 was also found to regulate the expression of FBXL6.
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Background: Pyroptosis is a programmed death mode of inflammatory cells, which is closely related to tumor progression and tumor immunity.Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the major pathological type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with poor prognosis.Many theories have tried to clarify the mechanism in the development of ccRCC, but the role of pyroptosis in ccRCC has not been well described.The main purpose of this study is to explore the role of pyroptosis in ccRCC and establish a novel prognosis prediction model of pyroptosis-related molecular signatures for ccRCC.Methods: In the present study, we made a systematical analysis of the association between ccRCC RNA transcriptome sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database [which included 529 ccRCC patients who were randomized in a training cohort (n=265) and an internal validation cohort (n=264)] and 40 pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs), from which four genes (CASP9, GSDME, IL1B and TIRAP) were selected to construct a molecular prediction model of PRGs for ccRCC.In addition, a cohort of 114 ccRCC patients from Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHSH) was used as external data to verify the effectiveness of the model by immunohistochemistry.Moreover, the biological functions of the four PRGs were also verified in ccRCC 786-O and 769-P cells by Western blot (WB), CCK-8 cell proliferation, and Transwell invasion assays. Results:The model was able to differentiate high-risk patients from low-risk patients, and this differentiation was consistent with their clinical survival outcomes.In addition, the four PRGs also affected the ability of cell proliferation and invasion in ccRCC. Conclusion:The prediction model of pyroptosis-related molecular markers developed in this study may prove to be a novel understanding for ccRCC.
Pyroptosis
Kidney cancer
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