Upper Karoo vertebrate assemblages (Late Triassic/Early Jurassic) of the Late Kariba region, Zimbabwe
Paul M. BarrettTim BroderickKimberley E. J. ChapelleJonah N. ChoiniereSteve EdwardsDarlington MunyikwaPia A. VigliettiMichel Zondo
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Abstract:
Southern Africa provides critical information on Late Triassic–Early Jurassic terrestrial tetrapod faunas. Most of the localities in this region are in South Africa and Lesotho, but preliminary work in Zimbabwe has revealed significant potential. Early Jurassic Zimbabwean localities have yielded the basal sauropodomorph Massospondylus , the early sauropod Vulcanodon and theropod material. Late Triassic localities are also known, but have yielded only fragmentary specimens thus far. In early 2017, a joint South African-Zimbabwean-UK team conducted fieldwork in the upper Karoo-aged deposits along the shores of Lake Kariba, northern Zimbabwe (Mid-Zambesi Basin). We relocated the Vulcanodon type locality on Island 126/127 and found that, contrary to previous reports suggesting a Toarcian age, the quarry was in a horizon pre-dating the onset of Drakensburg volcanism (= Batoka Basalts). It is situated instead within the earlier Lower Jurassic Forest Sandstone. This indicates that Vulcanodon is 10–15 million years older than thought previously, recalibrating several nodes within Sauropoda and indicating extensive overlap between true sauropods and 'prosauropods'. Other new vertebrate localities show that sauropodomorphs are present in the Forest Sandstone and upper Tashinga (Late Triassic) formations, but a grey mudstone facies within the Pebbly Arkose Member of the latter unit yields a more aquatic fauna, including lungfish and phytosaurs, but lacking sauropodomorphs. The phytosaur occurrence is the first in Africa south of the Sahara. Faunal and sedimentological evidence indicates that the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic sites in this region were deposited under more mesic environments than their lateral equivalents in South Africa.Keywords:
Tetrapod (structure)
The Hulusimpang Formation is located in the Bukit Barisan strip and is part of the Woyla terrane associated with Cretaceous volcanic arcs. Research on the Lampung formation, especially the Hulusimpang Formation, is still a little researched. This research was conducted to determine the facies, facies association and depositional environment of the Hulusimpang Formation. The study of facies analysis uses a measured stratigraphic cross section and divides the rock into several facies and facies associations. The facies analysis data was taken from Pekon Way Manak, Sukaagung, Sukamara, Tanggamus Regency. The Hulusimpang Formation consists of seven facies, namely tuff facies (F1), claystone facies (F2), siltstone facies (F3), black siltstone facies (F4), sandstone facies (F5), limestone facies (F6), mudstone facies (F7) . The facies found were grouped into four facies associations, namely channel facies association (AF1) and levee facies association (AF2), creverse splay facies association (AF3), and exposure facies association (AF4). AF1 consists of F1, AF2 consists of F2, F3, F4, F5, AF3 consists of F6, and AF4 consists of F7. Based on the facies association found in the Hulusimpang Formation, it indicates that the depositional environment is Fluvial-Shallow Sea.
Siltstone
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The tetrapod footprints from the Late Permian of Italy are worldwide known and were the subject of a number of studies. They come mostly from the Dolomites and especially from the Bletterbach gorge, other occurrences are known from the Venetian Prealps and the Carnian Alps. The track-bearing unit is the alluvial and marginal marine Arenaria di Val Gardena Formation, deposited under a semi-arid climate during the late Lopingian. In the last comprehensive revision, the tetrapod ichnoassociation includes abundant and diverse eureptile tracks (cf. Dromopus , Rhynchosauroides , Paradoxichnium , cf. Protochirotherium ), abundant parareptile tracks ( Procolophonichnium, Pachypes ), uncommon but diverse therapsid tracks ( Capitosauroides, Dicynodontipus, Dolomitipes ) and rare anamniote tracks (cf. Batrachichnus ). The occurrence of further ichnotaxa, such as Contiichnus and Merifontichnus , is currently debated. This is the most abundant, diverse and best-preserved tetrapod ichnoassociation of the Late Permian all over the world, thus it is a reference for tetrapod ichnotaxonomy. It is characterized by a strong Triassic affinity and includes the earliest evidence of an archosauriform radiation and some of the earliest clues of parasagittal locomotion. This low-latitude tetrapod ichnoassociation is similar to contemporary faunas from mid- and high-palaeolatitudes, but it seems to be more diverse, thus suggesting higher origination rates and lower extinction rates. In tetrapod footprint biochronology, it is currently the reference for the Bletterbach Ichnofaunal Unit and the Paradoxichnium tetrapod footprint biochron. Also, it may include the base of the Protochirotherium tetrapod footprint biochron.
Tetrapod (structure)
Lungfish
Biochronology
Permian–Triassic extinction event
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Jurassic tetrapod fossils are known from all of the continents, and their distribution documents a critical paleobiogeographic juncture in tetrapod evolution – the change from cosmopolitan Pangean tetrapod faunas to the provincialized faunas that characterize the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Two global tetrapod biochronological units (faunachrons) have been named for the Early Jurassic – Wassonian and Dawan – and reflect some Early Jurassic tetrapod cosmopolitanism. However, after the Dawan, a scattered and poorly-dated Middle Jurassic tetrapod record and a much better understood Upper Jurassic tetrapod record indicate that significant provincialization of the global tetrapod fauna had begun. Middle Jurassic tetrapod assemblages include distinct local genera of sauropod dinosaurs, which are large, mobile terrestrial tetrapods, and this suggests marked provinciality by Bajocian time. The obvious provincialism of well known Chinese Middle-Upper Jurassic dinosaur faunas also documents the end of tetrapod cosmopolitanism. The distribution of some Late Jurassic dinosaur taxa defines a province that extended from the western USA through Europe into eastern Africa. Provincial tetrapod biochronologies have already been proposed for this province and for the separate eastern Asian Late Jurassic province. Tetrapod footprints only identify two global assemblage zones, one of Early Jurassic and the other of Middle-Late Jurassic age. The incomplete state of Jurassic tetrapod biochronology reflects both an inadequate record with poor temporal constraints and a relative lack of study of the biostratigraphy of Jurassic fossil vertebrates.
Tetrapod (structure)
Biochronology
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The W formation is the oil measures in Jia oil-gas field.The distribution of oil and gas is controlled by the sedimentary facies. The analysis of log facies plays an important role in the identification of sedimentary facies and the searching for the remaining oil and gas.Depending on the characteristics of log facies,namely campaniform,infundibuliform,box like,dactyloid,linearis,have been identified. Through demarcation of logging facies with core data,and based on the sedimentary microfacies analysis of key well,then the functional relationships between logging facies and sedimentary facies have been established. And then,through the comprehensive analysis of the logging facies of individual wells,the correlation of profiles and the areal study,two kinds of sedimentary facies are recognized,namely delta facies and lacustrine facies.
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This study utilized well logs and core data to evaluate facies architecture and depositional environment of G-field in the Greater Ughelli Depobelt of the Niger Delta area in Nigeria. The study revealed five lithofacies unites, namely, Bioturbated Sandstone Facies (BSF), Coarse to Pebbly Sandstone Facies (CPSF), Mudsone Facies (MF), Very Fine Grained laminated Sandstone Facies (FGLSF), and Wavy- to Flaser-Bedded Facies (WFbF). The lithofacies were grouped into Two (2) Facies Assemblages that where established from the five mentioned lithofacies A-E. The Facies Assemblages are Open-marine Facies Association, Brackish-water Marginal-marine Facies Association and Tidal Flat Association. Gamma Ray (GR) logs within the cored interval defined an aggrading deposit. These assemblages were used to infer the various environments responsible for the deposition.
Deposition
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A modified version of the Simpson index is used to assess similarities between the Early Triassic tetrapod faunas of Australia, Antarctica, India and South Africa. This index takes into account the relative abundances of taxa, and not merely their presence or absence. Antarctic, Indian and African faunas are all found to be very similar — one to another and each to a hypothetical 'average' fauna. The Australian fauna is distinctly different: it resembles other faunas in terms of the presence or absence of taxa, but it differs greatly in the relative abundances of those taxa. Most significant of those differences is the abundance of labyrinthodont amphibians and the commensurate rarity of reptiles. The unusual composition of the Australian fauna might be explained to a large extent by geographic isolation.
Tetrapod (structure)
Early Triassic
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Material of the Late Permian Dashankou fauna was collected from a quarry at Yumen, Gansu, Northwest China. Sighficance and composition of the fauna,stratigraphical and lithological characters of the fossil-bearing beds have been previously demonstrated in the several papers (Chng et al., 1996; Li and Cheng, 1995;Cheng and Ji 1996). Based on some excellent preserved specimens, the second genus of Dinocephalia in the fauna, following the first one, Sinophoneus Cheng and Ji, 1996, is described in the present paper.
Tetrapod (structure)
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Abstract Lower Permian deposits of the Boskovice Basin in the Czech Republic have long been renowned for extraordinarily abundant specimens of discosauriscid seymouriamorphs, some of which showing exceptional preservation, including widespread soft tissues. The only other tetrapods from the strata are represented by rare temnospondyls. However, recent fieldwork in the Asselian (lowermost Permian) of the Boskovice Basin has yielded a diverse assemblage of tetrapod tracks, illuminating a hidden terrestrial tetrapod diversity. Here, we describe well-preserved isolated tracks, manus-pes couples, and a slab with trackways composed of approximately 20 tracks in at least four different directions belonging to early-diverging, or ‘pelycosaur-grade’, synapsids. The material originates from three localities situated within the Letovice and Padochov formations and is assignable to the ichnotaxon Dimetropus . The best-preserved specimen further shows rare skin impressions, which have not been observed from the hands or feet of early-diverging mammal-line amniotes before. The new material adds to the scarce record of synapsids from the Carboniferous/Permian transitional interval of equatorial Pangea. At the same time, it highlights the significance of the ichnological record of the Boskovice Basin which has long been neglected despite offering evidence for the presence of diverse faunal components that have not been reported from these basinal deposits before.
Tetrapod (structure)
Laurasia
Biochronology
Westphalian sovereignty
Amniote
Manus
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북동태평양 우리나라 광구 KR5지역의 해저퇴적물 퇴적연대와 퇴적환경의 변화를 살펴보고자, 상자형 코아 시료에 대해 심도에 따른 Be 동위원소 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 코아 시료(BC08-02-13)는 상부에서부터 FaciesⅠ, FaciesⅡ, FaciesⅢ 세 개의 암상으로 구분된다. FaciesⅠ은 갈색/암갈색을 띠는 (10YR4/3) 균질한 머드로 높은 함수량을 보이는 것이 특징적이다. FaciesⅡ는 갈황색을 띠고 10YR6/6), FaciesⅠ과는 부정합적인 관계를 보이며, FaciesⅢ는 암갈색을 띠는 머드층이다. FaciesⅡ과 FaciesⅢ에는 생교란작용에 의한 서관구조가 발달되어 있다. Be 연대측정 결과에 의하면 BC08-02-13 코아의 FaciesⅢ 는 3.7 Ma 이전에 퇴적되었으며, FaciesⅡ는 2.3 Ma 이전에 퇴적되었고, 그 후 환경변화에 의해 FaciesⅡ 상부가 침식을 받은 후 약 1.8 Ma 이후 현재까지 FaciesⅠ이 퇴적되었다. FaciesⅠ과 FaciesⅡ 경계의 부정합은 적도수렴대의 이동에 의한 환경변화에 의한 것으로 보인다.
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