Primary Productivity of Phytoplankton
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Primary productivity
Phytoplankton cell or colony sizes range from <1 µm to several cm, i.e. 4–5 orders of magnitude in linear dimensions, which is roughly equivalent to the log-size span within terrestrial vegetation. It is commonplace to assume that smaller phytoplankton have an advantage in growth related traits while larger ones are more resistant to losses. However, the current state of literature calls for a more differentiated view. It is still controversial, whether smaller phytoplankton have higher maximal growth rates (µmax) or if there is a peak of µmax at intermediate size (102 µm3 cell volume). Smaller phytoplankton have an advantage in nutrient acquisition at low concentrations while larger phytoplankton have an advantage in utilizing nutrient pulses and exploiting vertical gradients. At equal density, larger phytoplankton experience bigger sinking losses. Small phytoplankton (<5–10 µm) are more affected mostly from grazing by protists and tunicates, while larger phytoplankton are more affected by copepod and krill grazing. Size spectra within the most important higher taxa show some conspicuous differences between marine and lake phytoplankton, e.g. the absence of very large diatoms (>105 µm3) in lake phytoplankton and the absence of large (>103 µm3) green algae in marine plankton. Overall, size is one of the most important traits for the performance of phytoplankton, but it is overly simplistic to equate small size with metabolic advantages.
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The paper presents results of investigating phytoplankton of the Barje Reservoir during 1998/99 and in 2001. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative structure of phytoplankton are followed by comparing the obtained results with results of investigations conducted in 1996 (one year after formation of the reservoir). Initially (in 1996) an oligotrophic water body in which Bacillariophyta were dominant, this reservoir during 1998/99 exhibited traits of a mesoeutrophic lake and was characterized by the presence of a large biomass of phytoplankton (Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta), Investigations of the phytoplankton community repeated in 2001 showed decline in the abundance of phytoplankton, but further processes of eutrophication too, as reflected in the appearance of Cyanophyta.
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On the basis of the monthly observation of concentrations of size-fractionated Chl.a during 2003—2010,the phytoplankton size structure and its seasonal,annual,and long term changes in Jiaozhou Bay were studied.Results indicated that the micro-and nano-phytoplankton were the main components in the phytoplankton community in Jiaozhou Bay.The concentration of Chl.a decreased from the north and northeast to the middle and the south of the bay.The seasonal and annual changes of the size-fractionated Chl.a concentrations were similar in different areas of the bay.The micro-and nano-phytoplankton showed a seasonal change of double-peak,with the micro-phytoplankton peak in winter and nano-phytoplankton peak in summer.The percentage of the micro-,nano-and pico-phytoplankton in different areas were similar.The results of the long term changes indicated that the percentage of the micro-phytoplankton was increasing since 1990s in the winter,and the nano-phytoplankton percentage increases in the summer.The percentage of pico-phytoplankton significantly decreased after 2000.The temperature,the concentration and structure of nutrients were important factors affecting the change of the size fractionated Chl.a in Jiaozhou Bay.
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Research progress for 1980 is reported. The development of a wind-induced upwelling and its effect on outer shelf chlorophyll distributions was followed. Phytoplankton productivity measurements obtained during GABEX I and other DOE-sponsored cruises were used to estimate primary and new production of the outer shelf during winter and spring. (ACR)
Primary productivity
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Primary productivity
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Measurements of primary productivity and phytoplankton biomass in Castle Lake are presented for an 8‐month period. Primary productivity and phytoplankton carbon content under a square meter of lake surface exhibit similar seasonal trends and achieve maximum values in July. Phytoplankton loss rates are calculated by subtracting the rate of change of carbon content from the primary productivity, and specific loss rates are estimated by dividing loss rates by phytoplankton carbon. Specific loss rates range from more than 0.80 day −1 in May to less than 0.20 day −1 in midsummer and in December. Loss rates in the spring cannot be attributed to water transport, sinking, or grazing. Cell mortality and decomposition when environmental tolerances are exceeded may be significant causes of phytoplankton loss in the lake.
Primary productivity
Carbon fibers
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To understand the relationship between the spatial-temporal variations of phytoplankton primary productivity and its environmental factors in Dianshan Lake, monthly survey was carried out from April, 2009 to March, 2010, with the method of white and black bottles. The result shows that seasonal variation of primary productivity (calculated according to carbon, following the same) is summer [0.95 g x (m3 x d)(-1)] > winter [0.83 g x (m3 x d)(-1)] > spring [0.77 g x (m3 x d)(-1)] > autumn [0.62 g x (m3 x d)(-1). From the flat distribution, primary productivity is higher in northern and southern parts than that in east and west, with no significant differences in each point (p > 0.05). From the vertical distribution, phytoplankton light availability is an important limiting factor. Primary production of 0. 3 m underwater is higher than that of 0.5 m. However, primary production of 0.3 m level in summer is lower because of light inhibition. Seasonal changes in primary productivity may be due to phytoplankton community structure and replacement of the dominant species. There are significantly positive correlation between Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and phytoplankton density with primary productivity (p < 0.01), and Chl-a has better correlation with primary productivity. Phytoplankton biomass shows a positive reaction to its productivity and may preliminary provide a reference for the number of phytoplankton.
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Primary production in Marion Lake is inversely related to the rate at which water enters the lake when light intensity is corrected to a standard level. Increased flushing rates reduce the phytoplankton standing crop thereby lowering the total primary productivity in the lake. Thus seasonal variations in rainfall in southwestern British Columbia exert an appreciable influence on the annual productivity pattern of the lake’s phytoplankton. Lake water artificially enclosed within small areas of the lake produced algal blooms while phytoplankton standing crop in the rest of the lake remained low. Nannoplankton appear to have a selective advantage over larger, more slowly reproducing forms in Marion Lake. The production: biomass ratio for lake phytoplankton was used as an indication of the general type of limiting factor affecting the instantaneous rate of productivity in the lake.
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Bloom
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Primary productivity
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Gulf Stream
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