Differentiating between loudness and preference in the case of multi-tone stimuli
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When exploring sound quality, often a high correlation between pleasantness and loudness can be observed. However, sometimes it is desirable to know to which extent other sound characteristics than loudness are responsible for a preference evaluation. In this respect multi-tone sounds with rich perceptual aspects are interesting test sounds. This talk will present a separate determination of preference and loudness by comparing a test sound of interest with a reference sound. Using an adaptive paired comparison the points of subjective equality (PSEs) for preference and loudness between test and reference sound are separately measured - "Which sound is louder?" and "Which sound do you prefer?" - by varying the test sound level in an adaptive staircase manner. The level changes affect both loudness and preference evaluation of the test sound. The results of these experiments are level differences ΔL between the test and the reference sound at which equal preference and equal loudness are reached between them. (Similar procedures have been employed to determine equal loudness contours.) It will be shown, with multitone sounds as examples, how this method reliably differentiates between loudness and preference.Keywords:
Sound Quality
Tone (literature)
Preference test
Two opposite sequential loudness effects concern the effect of a stronger Tone 1 on the loudness of a subsequent weaker Tone 2, as assessed by loudness matches with Tone 3. Loudness enhancement is reported when Tone 1 precedes Tone 2 by 50 to 100 ms. Loudness recalibration (or induced loudness reduction) is obtained for delays of about 1 s. This letter argues that what appears as an enhancement of Tone 2’s loudness is, in fact, an induced reduction of Tone 3’s loudness, which occurs because Tones 1 and 3 are at the same frequency. Preliminary experiments support this analysis.
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This paper studies the relationship between the subjective evaluation indexes and the objective physical parameters from interior noise of vehicle cabin. Four types of vehicle real-time noises were recorded at several running speeds and later being subjectively evaluated in the testing room by pair comparison method and semantic subdivided method. Meanwhile, the psychoacoustic parameters were extracted. According to the subjective test and evaluation, a psychoacoustic objective quantificational model based on sound quality such as partialness, luxury and motility was built by means of multiple regression method. The research results indicate that loudness and sharpness are primary parameters : while loudness and sharpness are lower, then partialness and luxury are better, when the loudness is louder, then motility is stronger.
Psychoacoustics
Sound Quality
Annoyance
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Loudness recalibration occurs when a loud (recalibration) tone at frequency f1 precedes quieter test tones at frequencies f1 and f2. Previous experiments [Mapes-Riordan and Yost, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 3170(A) (1997)] have shown that the recalibration tone can decrease the loudness of the test tone at f1 by more than 6 dB. The current experiments addressed loudness recalibration when the test signal and/or recalibration signal was harmonic complex tones. In the first experiment an adaptive tracking procedure measured the equal loudness point between a harmonic complex and a pure tone. In the recalibration conditions, the loudness comparisons were preceded by a recalibration signal consisting of various combinations of frequencies contained in the harmonic complex, or by a pure tone corresponding to the pitch of the missing fundamental. In the second experiment, listeners were asked to adjust the level of a single harmonic (f3) in a harmonic complex (f1−f5) until it was heard as a separate tone in conditions with and without a recalibration tone at f3. The results of these experiments will be discussed in terms of the loci of loudness recalibration relative to perceptual stream formation. [Work supported by a NIDCD Program Project Grant.]
Tone (literature)
Harmonic
SIGNAL (programming language)
Psychoacoustics
Fundamental frequency
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Loudness Scattering due to Vibro-Acoustic Model VariabilityThe use of numerical simulation in the design and evaluation of products performance is ever increasing.To a greater extent, such estimates are needed in an early design stage, when physical prototypes are not available.When dealing with vibro-acoustic models, known to be computationally expensive, a question remains, which is related to the accuracy of such models in view of the well-known variability inherent to the mass manufacturing production techniques.In addition, both the academia and industry have recently realized the importance of actually listening to a products sound, either by measurements or by virtual sound synthesis, in order to assess its performance.In this work, the scatter of significant parameter variations on a simplified vehicle vibro-acoustic model is calculated on loudness metrics using Monte Carlo analysis.The mapping from the system parameters to sound quality metric is performed by a fully-coupled vibro-acoustic finite element model.Different loudness metrics are used, including overall sound pressure level expressed in dB and Specific Loudness in Sones.Sound quality equivalent sources are used to excite this model and the sound pressure level at the driver's head position is acquired to be evaluated according to sound quality metrics.No significant variation has been perceived when evaluating the system using regular sound pressure level expressed in dB and dB(A).This happens because of the third-octave filters that average the results under some frequency bands.On the other hand, Zwicker Loudness presents important variations, arguably, due to the masking effects.
Sound Quality
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Sound Quality
Psychoacoustics
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Identification of vehicle booming sound and its objective evaluation using psychoacoustic parameters
Previous work revealed that booming sound quality is related to loudness and sharpness and that the booming index is developed by using the loudness and sharpness for a signal within the whole frequency range between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. In the present paper, the booming sound quality was found to be effectively related to the loudness at frequencies below 200 Hz; thus the booming index is updated by using the loudness of the signal filtered by the low pass filter at frequencies. The relationship between the booming index and sound metric is identified by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN).
Psychoacoustics
Sound Quality
SIGNAL (programming language)
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When exploring sound quality, often a high correlation between pleasantness and loudness can be observed. However, sometimes it is desirable to know to which extent other sound characteristics than loudness are responsible for a preference evaluation. In this respect multi-tone sounds with rich perceptual aspects are interesting test sounds. This talk will present a separate determination of preference and loudness by comparing a test sound of interest with a reference sound. Using an adaptive paired comparison the points of subjective equality (PSEs) for preference and loudness between test and reference sound are separately measured—“Which sound is louder?” and ”Which sound do you prefer?”—by varying the test sound level in an adaptive staircase manner. The level changes affect both loudness and preference evaluation of the test sound. The results of these experiments are level differences ΔL between the test and the reference sound at which equal preference and equal loudness are reached between them. (Similar procedures have been employed to determine equal loudness contours.) It will be shown, with multi-tone sounds as examples, how this method reliably differentiates between loudness and preference.
Tone (literature)
Sound Quality
Preference test
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The sound of a door opening on a vehicle has a main influence on psychological comfort and affective satisfaction for the vehicle. This study aims to evaluate the auditory pleasantness of the door opening sound and to derive the sound parameters, which can optimize that pleasantness. Fourteen different door opening sounds were selected and recorded. Participants evaluated each recorded door opening sound with the designed questionnaire. Three main results were obtained. First, the questionnaire was developed to evaluate the auditory pleasantness of door opening sound based on five affective attributes: ‘loud’, ‘sharp’, ‘rough’, ‘clear’, and ‘satisfy’. These were selected through previous literature review and expert interviews. Second, ‘Loudness’, ‘sharpness’, ‘roughness’, ‘fluctuation strength’, and ‘tonality’ were selected as the psychoacoustic parameters. These parameters were found to be the important dimensions for the perception of door opening sound. Each affective attribute was related to psychoacoustic parameters by correlation analysis. Finally, the authors developed a model to predict subjective response to the door opening sound through regression analysis. In the incidence of ‘loud’, ‘sharp’, and ‘rough’, high R2 values were shown. Multiple regression was used to create a model to predict auditory pleasantness. The psychoacoustic parameter ‘loudness’ was shown to have a major effect on auditory pleasantness. The parameters ‘loudness’, ‘sharpness’, and ‘roughness’ were shown to affect the attributes of the door opening sound. The result of this study was an optimal model, created through psychoacoustic parameters, to predict the auditory pleasantness of door opening sounds.
Psychoacoustics
Sound Quality
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The noises in the driver's cab and the carriage of a high-speed train are measured respectively at different speeds on site.By using the linear sound pressure level,A-weighted sound pressure level and specific loudness,the spectrum characteristics of the measured interior noises at 330km/h are analyred and the dominant frequency ranges are identified.Objective evaluation of the measured interior noises are carried out in respect of the sound quality of loudness,sharpness,roughness and fluctuation strength based on the psycho-acoustical theory.The research results indicate as follows:Analysis of the specific loudness accurately characterizes the frequency components which induce changes in loudness to the feeling of human ears;The loudness of interior noises at all measure points enhances coutinuously with increasing of the train speed,especially in the cab,the front car of the train,Which is under intensified aerodynamic effect;Loudness assessment tells that the interior acoustic environment of the high speed train needs to be further improved to satisfy the requirements of passengers for acoustic comfort,especially in the cab and at the position of the centre plates of the carriage where appropriate measures should be taken to reduce vibration and noises.
Sound Quality
High speed train
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