Abstract:
Abstract. The High Resolution Snow & Ice Monitoring Service was launched in 2020 to provide near-real-time, pan-European snow and ice information at 20 m resolution from Sentinel-2 observations. Here we present an evaluation of the snow detection using a database of snow depth observations from 1764 stations across Europe over the hydrological year 2016–2017. We find a good agreement between both datasets with an accuracy (proportion of correct classifications) of 94 % and kappa of 0.81. More accurate (+6 % kappa) retrievals are obtained by excluding low-quality pixels at the cost of a reduced coverage (−13 % data).Keywords:
Kappa
AIMTo 在在坐和仰卧的位置在期间之间的 kappa 角度调查差别在 situ keratomileusis (LASIK ) 帮助激光 .METHODSA 回顾的学习与收到了 LASIK 的近视从 215 个病人在 395 只眼睛上被执行。低、中等、高的近视组根据屈光度被分配。在容纳位置的 kappa 角度的水平、垂直的部件在操作前被测量，并且在仰卧的位置在操作期间。从二个位置的数据被比较，在 kappa 角度和屈光度之间的关系是在坐的 123 只眼睛(56.5%) 放的 analyzed.RESULTSTwo，在仰卧的位置的 343 只眼睛(86.8%) 有积极 kappa 角度。在在坐的位置或在在三个组之间的仰卧的位置的 kappa 角度的水平部件的 kappa 角度的水平、垂直的部件没有重要差别(P>； 0.05 ) 。在在仰卧的位置的 kappa 角度的垂直部件的重要差别在三个组被看见(P<； 0.01 ) 。在 kappa 角度的水平、垂直的部件的差别在坐和仰卧的位置之间是重要的。在 kappa 角度的水平、垂直的部件的积极关联(P<； 0.05 ) 被发现，在坐和仰卧的位置的 kappa 角度的垂直部件否定地与近视的度被相关(坐的位置：r=-0.109；仰卧的位置：r=-0.172；P<； 0.05 ).CONCLUSIONThere 是在在坐和仰卧的位置的 kappa 角度的水平、垂直的部件的关联。在在坐和仰卧的位置到结果的结束为止的 kappa 角度的水平、垂直的部件的积极关联。这结果仍然需要进一步的观察。当 excimer 激光外科需要被表现时，临床医生们应该考虑不同姿势。
Kappa
Cohen's kappa
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A certain snow-covered area determined from air photographs in different years can contain different volumes of snow. The pattern recognition of snow fields reveals whether the snow reserves are relatively high or low for the given snow coverage. It also signals a short terra increase of the snow-covered area by summer snowfall.
Snow line
Snow field
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Structural analysis of purified IgG kappa h and IgG kappa n molecules of DA myeloma paraproteins indicated that the two IgG had different electrophoretic mobility and that L-kappa h had an unusually heavy m.w. (30,000). Peptide mapping showed the existence of additional peptides in the L-kappa h map when compared to the L-kappa n map. Total amino acid analysis showed that L-kappa h contained two additional cysteine residues and certain other amino acids than L-kappa n contained. Sequence of the first 25 NH2-terminal amino acids showed differences at positions 4, 5, 15, 18, and 21, but both L-kappa h and L-kappa n belong to the same V kappa IV subgroup. IgG kappa n but not IgG kappa h reacted with anti-gamma 1 antiserum, indicating that H chains of these two paraproteins were also different. Sera from rabbits immunized with IgG kappa n or IgG kappa h, and rendered specific for idiotypic determinants by appropriate absorption, were used for idiotype characterization of these components. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and direct hemagglutination demonstrated that IgG kappa h and IgG kappa n cross-reacted partially. Inhibition tests disclosed that the main anti-idiotypic antibody was directed against a conformation structure of the complete IgG kappa h molecule, whereas cross-reaction was due to partial idiotypic similarity between H chains of the IgG kappa h and IgG kappa n. In addition, each of these paraproteins seemed also to bear private idiotypes on their H and L chains.
Kappa
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In heavy snow area in Japan, more than 40 percents of roads are narrow; so that snow machines often cannot pass through them and such roads are closed by deep snow for a long time. It seems that the best way to circumvent this problem is to replace road gutters with snow removing gutters. It is known that running water in a gutter is able to flow equivalent volume of snow, and that the flow rate (the required volume of water per hour) is easily estimated by the volume of snow which is thrown into the gutter.
Snow removal
Water equivalent
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Over the past 20 years, Korea has been endlessly damaged by heavy snow. The damages are significantly different between regions, and therefore, it is important to analyze and understand the characteristics of greenhouse and snowfall in those regions. Snow weight, which affects the amount of damage, varies up to seven times depending on temperature and humidity, in addition to the amount of snow. Therefore, in this study, snow depth and density were compared to determine a solution. Based on a disaster report and the data collected from the Korea Meteorological Administration, field surveys were conducted by classifying four administrative districts in Gangwon containing multiple greenhouses, and snowy areas were selected and sampled. Finally, the density of snow and snow depth were measured. The snow density increased proportionally to its depth. The results of this study could help provide solutions to snow damage in the future. Keywords: Snow Damage, Amount of Snow, Snow Density
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By simulating atmospheric deposition experiment, this paper analyzed the relationship between the measured spectral reflectance and the concentrations of contaminants in the snow. It is found that the visible spectrum is sensitive to snow contaminants. From 350nm to 850nm, with the increase concentrations of contaminants in snow, snow reflectivity dramatically decreases. We get the conclusion that the most sensitive bands to snow contaminants are 384nm, 450nm and 1495nm.Using the non-linear regression method to analyze the relationship between spectral reflectance and the contaminants. The results showed the reflectivity of snow at visible bands logarithmically decreases with the snow contaminants increasing; the R 2 can reach 0.9.To the contrary, the spectral reflectance at nearinfrared increases with the snow contaminants increasing. Therefore, this method can be combined satellite image to forecast the contaminants in the snow at large-scale.
Deposition
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Crystal (programming language)
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Some examinations are made about errors of the water equivalent of snow measured with a snow-sampler. It is found that both the change of the sampling deficiency of a sampler related to the sorts of deposited snow and the irregular variation of the snow depth in an observation field might be the main factors that disturbed the uniformity of daily successive data. The former has not been yet sufficiently studied, but it is show that the latter could be modified to some extent by comparing it with a fixed snow-tsake in snow melting season.
Water equivalent
Snow field
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This Chapter is in Section 5: Measurements, edited by Thomas J. Lockhart This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction—Characteristics and Importance of Snow Measurements of Snow Properties of Snow That Make Basic Measurements Difficult Procedures for Measuring Snowfall, Snow Depth and Water Content Contribution of Technology to Snow Measurements Summary of Snow Data Continuity Sources of Specialized Snow Data
Water equivalent
Snow field
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