Cognitive Evolution and the Transmission of Popular Narratives: A Literature Review and Application to Urban Legends
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Abstract Recent research into cultural transmission suggests that humans are disposed to learn, remember, and transmit certain types of information more easily than others, and that any information that is passed between people will be subjected to cognitive selective pressures that alter the content and structure so as to make it maximally transmittable. This paper presents a review of emerging research on content biases in cultural evolution with relevance to the transmission of popular narratives. This is illustrated with content analysis of urban legends, which found that most exploited at least one known content bias, with emotional information and social information being the most frequent. We argue that the narratives do not succeed because of the transmission of adaptively relevant information but because of their exploitation of content biases in human cognition.Keywords:
Content (measure theory)
Relevance
Information transmission
Translation is both an exchange of the two languages and a communication and transmission of the two cultures.Idioms,the essense of a language,possess rich cultural meanings.The present paper analyses cultural meanings of English and Chinese idioms and goes further to study the transmission of the cultural information between the two languages in actual translation.
Cultural Exchange
Information transmission
Cultural Communication
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Information transmission
Affect
Negativity effect
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As a master of narrative art,Hemingway uses a variety of narrative strategies in his novels.He aroused the appreciation of the reader through the shift of narrative perspective.Thus,the narrative perspective was presented by the trend that the third person omniscient narration changes to character narration.In this process, the themes of the novel appear to be different, because the functions of the two perspectives are not identical.Another feature of Hemingway's narrative perspective is multiple variable narrative perspectives,namely,employing the common omniscient narration as well as using dramatic omniscient narration and character narration,which shows a different understanding of events through different narrative points of view.
Narrative network
Narrative structure
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The transmission of cultural information is the leading task in translation. The cultural information can be further classified into two sorts in general, namely, the rich and the weak. The former could not be dealt with randomly in translation, which is contrary to the latter. Though different aims in translation result in different translating behaviors, the cultural information carried superficially by the words should be translated to the utmost in terms of culture.
Information transmission
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In terms of the time when they were written and published,Jia Pingwa's novels have changed more or less in their narrative methods and perspectives.The narrative posture has changed greatly accordingly.His narrative angle of view has gradually transited from the entire knowledge to the limited narration and pure objective narration.Tendency to objective narration is thus evidently shown in his novels.
Narrative network
Narrative structure
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Translation plays an indisputably important role in inter- cultural communication.But the translatability of the cultural information between English and Chinese has always been a controversial issue among scholars. Based upon the different translations of the Chinese word“ flower” ,and the immediate associations,the present paper makes a tentative analysis of the transmission of the profound information between the two languages in actual translation.
Information transmission
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Dynamic narration and Static narration are two kinds of narrative patterns that are determined greatly by the narrator and narrative perspective of a novel.This paper analyzes the difference between static narration and dynamic narration and explicates the significance of the two narrative patterns that attribute to the narrative effect of a novel by comparing the works of Balzac and Faulkner.
Narrative network
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Information transmission
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In the information age, internet information transmission, which plays an important role in the technical carrier and multi-media, has broken through the traditional approach of paper communication, and has taken on a timely characteristic. Subsequently, the value of internet information has had strong impact and segregation on the traditional value of information, which aroused the expect and cultural anticipation of the mess. From the angle of cultural horizon, this article tries to explore the valid approach of internet information transmission, and enhance the positive influence on it, which is of great realistic significance.
Anticipation (artificial intelligence)
Information transmission
Value (mathematics)
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The information science has laid the foundation for the communication studies.If borrowing the theories from the information science,especially the information transmission theories to conduct an analysis of the principles that are applicable to the communication in the intercultural environment,the re-evaluation of information transmission laws in communications from the cultural perspectives will be inspiring and constructive for the associated fields.
Constructive
Information transmission
Foundation (evidence)
Communication Theory
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