A new H2 / CO2-using acetogenic bacterium from the rumen: Description of Ruminococcus schinkii sp. nov.
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Abstract:
Two strains of H2 / CO2-using acetogenic bacteria were isolated from the rumen of suckling lambs. Both strains displayed a coccobacillar morphology and possessed a Gram-positive type cell wall. Numerous organic substrates, including some O-methylated aromatic compounds, were used heterotrophically. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the two acetogenic isolates were phylogenetically identical and represent a new subline within Clostridium cluster XIVa. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic considerations a new species, Ruminococcus schinkii sp. nov., is proposed.Keywords:
Ruminococcus
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Description of the Genus Clostridium Pathogenicity General Methods for the Isolation of Clostridium Species Clostridium Perfringens Clostridium Novyi Neurotoxic Clostridia Clostridium Tetani Other Clostridia Genomics of Clostridia Summary References
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Clos.tri.di.a'ce.ae. N.L. neut. n. Clostridium type genus of the family; suff. -aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Clostridiaceae the Clostridium family. Firmicutes / "Clostridia" / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae
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Dark fermentation
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Ru.mi.no.coc.ca'ce.ae. N.L. masc. n. Ruminococcus type genus of the family; −aceae ending to denote family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Ruminococcaceae the Ruminococcus family. Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae”
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Clostridium butyricum
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Identification of bacteria associated with desirable productivity outcomes in animals may offer a direct approach to the identification of probiotic bacteria for use in animal production. We performed three controlled chicken trials (n=96) to investigate caecal microbiota differences between the best and poorest performing birds using four performance measures; Feed Conversion Rate (FCR), utilisation of energy from the feed measured as Apparent Metabolisable Energy (AME), gain rate (GR) and amount of feed eaten (FE). The shifts in microbiota composition associated with the performance measures were very different between the three trials. Analysis of the caecal microbiota revealed that the high and low FCR birds had significant differences in the abundance of some bacteria as demonstrated by shifts in microbiota alpha and beta diversity. Trials 1 and 2 showed significant overall community shifts, however the microbial changes driving the difference between good and poor performers were very different. Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae families and genera Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium and multiple lineages of genus Clostridium (from families Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae) were highly abundant in good FCR birds in Trial 1. Different microbiota was associated with FCR in Trial 2; Catabacteriaceae and unknown Clostridiales family members were increased in good FCR and genera Clostridium (from family Clostridiaceae) and Lactobacillus were associated with poor FCR. Trial 3 had only mild microbiota differences associated with all 4 performance measures. Overall, the genus Lactobacillus was correlated with feed intake which resulted in poor FCR performance. The genus Faecalibacterium correlated with improved FCR, increased GR and reduced FE. There was overlap in phylotypes correlated with improved FCR and GR, while different microbial cohorts appeared to be correlated with FE. Even under controlled conditions different cohorts of birds developed distinctly different microbiotas. Within the different trial groups the abundance of certain bacterial groups correlated with productivity outcomes. However, with different underlying microbiotas there were different bacteria correlated with performance. The challenge will be to identify probiotic bacteria that can reliably deliver favourable outcomes from diverse microbiotas.
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【Objective】 The objectives of this paper were to investigate microbial population in the rumen of Xuhuai white goat,including bacteria and protozoa.【Method】 Four Xuhuai white goats fitted with rumen cannula were used to provide rumen liquor.16S rDNA amplified by PCR,and the techniques of cloning and sequence analysis,were applied in this work to interpret the bacterial community structure,as well as the method of cell-counting for protozoal group.【Result】 The results showed that,rumen bacteria could be divided into two main clusters,which were R.bromii,and R-7,while XHGR2 belonged to another cluster of R.flavefaciens.Ruminococcus had a big size in bacterial population,which accounting for 33.33% against total clones.Rumen protozoa were up to 44.83% of rumen total biomass,a little lower than bacteria in the proportion.There were several protozoal genera,such as Entodinium,Diplodinium,Epidinium,Ophryoscolex,and Isotrichidae,were detected in the rumen.Entodinium was more density than the others,and accounting for 74.25% of the total population.【Conclusion】 All in all,the biomass of protozoa was close to that of bacteria,in the rumen of Xuhuai white goat.Ruminococcus sp.and Entodinium sp.were the majority groups in the rumen,for the groups of bacteria and protozoa,respectively.
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The ability of Clostridium aerotolerans DSM 5434T, Clostridium celerecrescens DSM 5628T, Clostridium methoxybenzovorans DSM 12182T, Clostridium stercorarium ATCC 35414T, Clostridium subterminale DSM 2636, Clostridium termitidis DSM 5398T, Clostridium thermolacticum DSM 2910T, Clostridium thermopalmarium DSM 5974T and Clostridium xylanolyticum DSM 6555T to metabolize cinnamic acid and various derivatives, with or without glucose supplementation, was examined. Only C aerotolerans DSM 5434T and C. xylanolyticum DSM 6555T, closely related species, transformed cinnamic acid to 3-phenylpropionic acid. Both species also reduced a wide range of cinnamic acid derivatives, including o-, m- and p-coumaric, o-, m- and p-methoxycinnamic, p-methylcinnamic, caffeic, ferulic, isoferulic and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acids to their corresponding 3-phenylpropionic acid derivatives. C. aerotolerans DSM 5434T, however, also decarboxylated p-coumaric acid into 4-vinylphenol, which was then reduced to 4-ethylphenol. C. celerecrescens was grouped with C. aerotolerans and C. xylanolyticum in subcluster XIVa of the Clostridiales. C. celerecrescens DSM 5628T only metabolized m- and p-methoxycinnamic and p-methylcinnamic acids to their corresponding 3-phenylpropionic acid derivatives, reducing the double bond in the C3 aliphatic side chain. Addition of glucose markedly increased the yield of the biotransformations by these three species. An emendation of the descriptions of C. aerotolerans, C. celerecrescens and C. xylanolyticum is proposed, based on these observations.
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