Hydroxychloride trace minerals have a positive effect on growth performance, carcass quality and impact ileal and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens
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Abstract Background: The objective was to study the effect of hydroxychloride trace minerals (HTM) on growth performance, carcass quality and gut microbiota of broiler chickens in comparison to sulphate trace minerals (STM). In total 1440 male Ross 308 day-old chicks were divided into 12 replicate pens with 30 birds each per treatment. Four different treatments were tested according to a 2×2 factorial study design, where the animals received a three phase diet containing either inorganic Zn from sulphates or Zn from HTM in high (80 mg/kg Zn) or low Zn dosage (20 mg/kg Zn). In all treatments 15 mg/kg Cu was added from the same mineral source as the Zn. Body weight and feed intake were measured on day 0, 10, 27 and 34, while carcass and breast meat yields were measured at the end of the study (day 34). In addition, high-throughput sequencing analysis was performed in digesta samples from ileum and cecum to study the gut microbiome (day 34). Results: The results showed an improved ( P <0.05) body weight of broiler chickens fed HTM, regardless of Zn level, on day 27, while on day 34 this effect remained as a tendency ( P =0.0542). In the overall study period, birds fed HTM had a higher ( P <0.05) average daily gain and average daily feed intake when compared to birds fed STM. The mineral source did not affect the carcass characteristics, however, feeding 80 mg/kg Zn resulted in a significantly higher ( P =0.0171) breast meat yield, regardless of source. High-throughput sequencing analysis of the microbiota revealed a higher microbial diversity in the ileum and cecum of HTM fed birds compared to STM fed birds. Taxonomical differences were mainly found in the cecum, specifically between the group fed high and low Zn levels from HTM. This correlated with the mineral contents observed in the cecal digesta. Comparing both groups fed 80 mg/kg Zn, the HTM group had more Streptococcaceae, Streptococcus , Clostridia, Weissella and Leuconostocaceae compared to the STM group. Conclusions: HTM improved growth performance of broiler chickens ; and the source and level of Zn modulated the gut microbiota communities in broilers differentially.Keywords:
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Cecum
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Lactobacillus crispatus
The development of healthy, immune competent beef animals during the cow/calf phase of production can be important for successful transition of weaned calves to the feedlot. The objectives of this trial were to determine if differences are present in liver mineral levels, feedlot morbidity and mortality, weaning weights, and serological titers of calves nursing dams supplemented with and having access to one of three mineral supplements: sulfate-based trace minerals, metal-complexed trace minerals, and a control mineral. An additional objective was to determine if differences in liver mineral levels are present in cows fed one of the three minerals on a free choice basis.
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The objective was to study the effect of hydroxychloride trace minerals (HTM) on growth performance, carcass quality and gut microbiota of broiler chickens in comparison to sulphate trace minerals (STM). In total 1440 male Ross 308 day-old chicks were divided into 12 replicate pens with 30 birds each per treatment. Four different treatments were tested according to a 2 × 2 factorial study design, where the animals received a three phase diet containing either inorganic Zn from sulphates or Zn from HTM in high (80 mg/kg Zn) or low Zn dosage (20 mg/kg Zn). In all treatments 15 mg/kg Cu was added from the same mineral source as the Zn. Body weight and feed intake were measured on day 0, 10, 27 and 34, while carcass and breast meat yields were measured at the end of the study (day 34). In addition, high-throughput sequencing analysis was performed in digesta samples from ileum and cecum to study the gut microbiome (day 34).The results showed an improved (P < 0.05) body weight of broiler chickens fed HTM, regardless of Zn level, on day 27, while on day 34 this effect remained as a tendency (P = 0.0542). In the overall study period, birds fed HTM had a higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain and average daily feed intake when compared to birds fed STM. The mineral source did not affect the carcass characteristics, however, feeding 80 mg/kg Zn resulted in a significantly higher (P = 0.0171) breast meat yield, regardless of source. High-throughput sequencing analysis of the microbiota revealed a higher microbial diversity in the ileum and cecum of HTM fed birds compared to STM fed birds. Taxonomical differences were mainly found in the cecum, specifically between the group fed high and low Zn levels from HTM. This correlated with the mineral contents observed in the cecal digesta. Comparing both groups fed 80 mg/kg Zn, the HTM group had more Streptococcaceae, Streptococcus, Clostridia, Weissella and Leuconostocaceae compared to the STM group.HTM improved growth performance of broiler chickens; and the source and level of Zn modulated the gut microbiota communities in broilers differentially.
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Crossbred steer calves (n = 64) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate two levels of organic trace minerals and two levels of inorganic trace minerals. Calves were fed 28 d on the ranch in two pens of eight head per treatment before a simulated transport stress. After being loaded, hauled 129 km, unloaded with an overnight stand without feed and water, and reloaded, they were shipped to the Colorado State University (CSU) research feedyard in Fort Collins and placed in 64 individual pens. Calves fed the organic low level and inorganic high level trace minerals gained better (P<0.05) the first 28 d than did calves fed the organic high level or inorganic low level trace minerals. Overall growth performance was not influenced by trace mineral types or levels. Longissimus area was greater (P<0.05) for calves fed the low level organic trace minerals compared with that for calves fed the low level inorganic trace minerals. Eosinophils (d 28) were higher (P<0.05) for calves fed the organic high level trace minerals compared with calves fed inorganic low level trace minerals. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and parainfluenza (PI3) titers were not influenced by trace minerals. Red blood cells and packed cell volume were higher (P<0.05) for calves fed low level trace minerals regardless of trace mineral type. Liver Co was increased (P<0.05) at the 28-d sampling when inorganic trace minerals were fed. Liver Co was highest (P<0.05) at the 168- d sampling for calves fed low level inorganic trace minerals followed by calves fed organic high level trace minerals. Liver Fe was lower (P<0.05) in calves at the d-168 sampling when organic trace minerals were fed. Liver Zn was elevated (P<0.05) by d 28 by feeding the inorganic low level trace minerals, and by d-168, liver Zn was higher (P<0.05) for calves fed the low levels of trace minerals. Initial growth performance was maintained by either supplementing organic trace minerals or elevating dietary inorganic trace minerals when confronted with high dietary Fe, S, or Mo.
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Trace minerals supplementation is an integral component of the total diet for beef cattle. Trace minerals from the diet function in many of the metabolic processes associated with animal growth, health, and reproduction. It is essential that cattle have access to trace minerals in their diet. However, the forage cattle consume as the bulk of their diet is often deficient in trace mineral concentrations. Therefore, cattle need to be supplemented with trace minerals on a regular basis. Cattle producers can choose from a number of different methods to supplement trace minerals to cattle. Each method has characteristic advantages and disadvantages. The value of the characteristics should be evaluated against management activities of each cattle producer to determine the optimal trace mineral delivery strategy.
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The goal of any trace mineral programme is to provide adequate but non-toxic amounts of each trace mineral required by the animal. Even marginal deficiencies of certain trace minerals can reduce feed intake and milk production, impair reproduction and reduce the immune response leading to increased disease susceptibility.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different trace mineral supplementation sources in the diet of broiler breeders on their performance and on their progenies. In total, 128 Cobb 500 broiler breeders were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in 2 experimental treatments. The control group was fed a diet supplemented with inorganic trace minerals (ITM), while the other group was fed a diet supplemented with reduced levels of trace minerals in the organic form. Eggs were collected when breeders were 35, 47, and 53 wk old. Their progeny (450 hatchlings) were divided according to trace mineral supplementation source from the maternal diet, creating 2 treatments with 16 replicates of 15 birds each. Organic trace mineral (OTM) supplementation improved broiler breeder performance, as shown by higher egg production and better eggshell quality of OTM-fed hens compared with those fed ITM. Egg fertility and hatchability were not influenced by the treatments. As to progeny performance, higher weight gain, and consequently, better feed conversion ratio, were obtained in the 41-day-old progenies of OTM-fed breeders, independently of hen age. Maternal diet trace mineral source did not affect broiler carcass, breast meat, or leg yields. The results of the present study show that supplementing broiler breeder diets with organic trace mineral sources enhances the performance of breeders and their progenies.
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Abstract A two-year study evaluated two different levels of trace mineral supplementation (Cu, Se, and Zn) to calves prior to weaning. Approximately 84 days prior to weaning, 24 calves/year (Angus × Hereford) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: trace mineral supplementation following NASEM (2016) requirements (Control); and trace mineral supplementation above NASEM (2016) requirements (Super). Calves were individually fed and trace minerals were provided in 0.5 lb of dry distillers grains three times weekly. The total weekly amount of trace minerals was divided into three feeding events (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Body weight (BW), blood, and liver samples were collected on d 0 and at weaning (d 84). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). No differences (P ≥ 0.69) were observed for the initial liver concentration of Se, Cu, and Zn. No differences (P = 0.54) were observed for liver Se concentration at weaning. A year effect (P < 0.0001) and a tendency for treatment x year effect (P = 0.09) were observed for liver Zn concentration at weaning. In year 1 but not in year 2, calves assigned to Control treatment had greater liver Zn concentration than calves assigned to Super treatment. For Cu liver concentration, a year effect (P < 0.0001) and a tendency for treatment x year effect (P = 0.09) were observed at weaning. In year 2, but not in year 1, calves assigned to Super treatment had greater liver Cu concentration than calves assigned to Control treatment. No treatment effects (P ≥ 0.23) were observed for BW or average daily gain pre- or post-weaning. Except for Cu, supplementation of trace minerals above the NASEM (2016) recommendations does not lead to improved mineral status of calves in this environment.
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The objective was to investigate the effect of postweaning trace mineral (TM) source on bull growth, performance and liver TM status over a 224 d period. Bulls (231 ± 4 d, 260 ± 5 kg, n = 14, 7 per TM) were blocked by sire, age and weaning BW and randomly assigned to TM source (inorganic as salt sulfates, ING; organic as Se-yeast and proteinates, ORG). Diet included cracked corn, cottonseed hulls, a protein pellet, and TM supplement pellet. Weekly BW and blood samples were collected for quantification of serum IGF-1 concentrations by RIA. Hip height (HH) and ultrasound measurements of LM area (LMA), 12th rib back fat thickness (FAT) and LM intramuscular fat percentage (IMF) were recorded every 28 d, while liver biopsies were collected every 56 d to determine TM status (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn). Statistical analysis used repeated measures in PROC MIXED of SAS with fixed effects of TM, time and interaction. Growth data presented as LSM ± pooled SE. There was no effect (P > 0.31) of TM on LMA (69.18 vs. 70.25 ± 2.11 cm2), FAT (0.51 vs. 0.48 ± 0.04 cm), IMF (3.41 vs. 3.98 ± 0.39 %), BW (385 vs. 387 ± 17 kg), BCS (5.06 vs. 5.01 ± 0.08) HH (118.7 vs. 118.0 ± 1.4 cm) and ADG (1.25 vs. 1.28 ± 0.09 kg), for ING and ORG, respectively. Throughout the trial, bull LMA, FAT, BW, BCS, HH, ADG and IGF-1 increased (P < 0.01), while IMF remained unchanged (P = 0.56). Concentrations of IGF-1 did not differ (P = 0.14) for ORG compared to ING (182.2 vs. 126.5 ± 25.0 ng/mL, respectively). A TM × time effect (P < 0.01) occurred for IGF-1. On d 0, ING (52.7 ± 30.4 ng/mL) and ORG (56.4 ± 30.4 ng/mL) had similar IGF-1, but ORG (198.3 ± 30.6 ng/mL) had greater IGF-1 compared to ING (149.7 ± 29.7 ng/mL) on d 224. Liver TM concentrations were not (P > 0.11) affected by TM source, but were affected (P < 0.01) by time and increased from trial start in all bulls. Bull performance was not affected by TM source; although, IGF-1 concentrations were increased over time in ORG compared to ING bulls.
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Weanling crossbred pigs (Sus scrofa; 72 barrows and 72 gilts; BW = 7.4 ± 1.1 kg) were used to evaluate dietary supplemental trace mineral (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) source (inorganic vs. organic) and deletion (0, 2, 4, and 6 wk preharvest) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork quality. Pigs were blocked by BW, ancestry, and sex, and randomly allotted to 24 pens, and fed a diet containing either inorganic or organic trace minerals supplemented at the 1998 NRC requirement estimates for each of 5 BW phases from 7 to 120 kg (equivalent to 14, 14, 42, 28, and 42-d periods, respectively). Two pigs were removed from each pen at the end of Phase IV (BW = 82.6 ± 6.0 kg), and 2 other pigs were removed at the end of Phase V (BW = 128.0 ± 8.3 kg) for collection of various tissues and for determination of carcass characteristics and pork quality. On d 1, 15, and 29 of Phase V, 3 pens within each source of minerals were switched to a common diet without supplemental trace minerals, whereas the remaining 3 pens within each source of minerals were fed diets containing trace minerals throughout the Phase V period. This resulted in 4 groups within each mineral treatment, in which trace mineral supplementation was deleted for 6, 4, 2, or 0 wk of Phase V. Trace mineral source (inorganic vs. organic) did not affect ADG, ADFI, and G:F (773 vs. 778 g/d, 1,680 vs. 1,708 g/d, and 461 vs. 456 g/kg, respectively) during the first 4 phases. During the mineral deletion period, ADG and G:F were not affected by the duration of trace mineral deletion, but ADFI increased when trace minerals were removed from the diet for 6 wk (6 vs. 0 wk, 3,393 vs. 3,163 g/d; P = 0.05). Hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, carcass shrink, dressing percentage, LM area, 10th rib and midline average backfat, and carcass fat-free lean weight and percentage were not affected (P > 0.10) by the source of mineral or length of mineral deletion, but carcass length tended to decrease (P = 0.09) when time of trace mineral deletion increased. Increasing mineral deletion from 0 to 6 wk tended to reduce linearly (P = 0.08) Hunter a* scores on the day of carcass processing (24 h after slaughter), as well as 2 d after processing, and Hunter b* scores on d 2 and d 6 after processing. Results of this experiment indicate that use of organic trace minerals, rather than inorganic trace minerals, did not influence pig growth performance or carcass characteristics and quality; however, deletion of minerals during the last 6 wk before harvest increased ADFI and affected drip loss, some color scores of the LM, and carcass length.
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